unistd.h
<unistd.h>(P) <unistd.h>(P)
NAME
unistd.h - standard symbolic constants and types
SYNOPSIS
#include <unistd.h>
DESCRIPTION
The <unistd.h> header defines miscellaneous symbolic constants and
types, and declares miscellaneous functions. The actual values of the
constants are unspecified except as shown. The contents of this header
are shown below.
Version Test Macros
The following symbolic constants shall be defined:
_POSIX_VERSION
Integer value indicating version of IEEE Std 1003.1 (C-language
binding) to which the implementation conforms. For implementa-
tions conforming to IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, the value shall be
200112L.
_POSIX2_VERSION
Integer value indicating version of the Shell and Utilities
volume of IEEE Std 1003.1 to which the implementation conforms.
For implementations conforming to IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, the
value shall be 200112L.
The following symbolic constant shall be defined only if the implemen-
tation supports the XSI option; see XSI Conformance .
_XOPEN_VERSION
Integer value indicating version of the X/Open Portability
Guide to which the implementation conforms. The value shall be
600.
Constants for Options and Option Groups
The following symbolic constants, if defined in <unistd.h>, shall have
a value of -1, 0, or greater, unless otherwise specified below. If
these are undefined, the fpathconf(), pathconf(), or sysconf() func-
tions can be used to determine whether the option is provided for a
particular invocation of the application.
If a symbolic constant is defined with the value -1, the option is not
supported. Headers, data types, and function interfaces required only
for the option need not be supplied. An application that attempts to
use anything associated only with the option is considered to be
requiring an extension.
If a symbolic constant is defined with a value greater than zero, the
option shall always be supported when the application is executed. All
headers, data types, and functions shall be present and shall operate
as specified.
If a symbolic constant is defined with the value zero, all headers,
data types, and functions shall be present. The application can check
at runtime to see whether the option is supported by calling fpath-
conf(), pathconf(), or sysconf() with the indicated name parameter.
Unless explicitly specified otherwise, the behavior of functions
associated with an unsupported option is unspecified, and an applica-
tion that uses such functions without first checking fpathconf(),
pathconf(), or sysconf() is considered to be requiring an extension.
For conformance requirements, refer to Conformance .
_POSIX_ADVISORY_INFO
The implementation supports the Advisory Information option. If
this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have the
value 200112L.
_POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO
The implementation supports the Asynchronous Input and Output
option. If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it
shall have the value 200112L.
_POSIX_BARRIERS
The implementation supports the Barriers option. If this symbol
has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have the value
200112L.
_POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED
The use of chown() and fchown() is restricted to a process with
appropriate privileges, and to changing the group ID of a file
only to the effective group ID of the process or to one of its
supplementary group IDs. This symbol shall always be set to a
value other than -1.
_POSIX_CLOCK_SELECTION
The implementation supports the Clock Selection option. If this
symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have the value
200112L.
_POSIX_CPUTIME
The implementation supports the Process CPU-Time Clocks option.
If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have
the value 200112L.
_POSIX_FSYNC
The implementation supports the File Synchronization option. If
this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have the
value 200112L.
_POSIX_IPV6
The implementation supports the IPv6 option. If this symbol has
a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have the value 200112L.
_POSIX_JOB_CONTROL
The implementation supports job control. This symbol shall
always be set to a value greater than zero.
_POSIX_MAPPED_FILES
The implementation supports the Memory Mapped Files option. If
this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have the
value 200112L.
_POSIX_MEMLOCK
The implementation supports the Process Memory Locking option.
If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have
the value 200112L.
_POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE
The implementation supports the Range Memory Locking option. If
this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have the
value 200112L.
_POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION
The implementation supports the Memory Protection option. If
this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have the
value 200112L.
_POSIX_MESSAGE_PASSING
The implementation supports the Message Passing option. If this
symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have the value
200112L.
_POSIX_MONOTONIC_CLOCK
The implementation supports the Monotonic Clock option. If this
symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have the value
200112L.
_POSIX_NO_TRUNC
Pathname components longer than {NAME_MAX} generate an error.
This symbol shall always be set to a value other than -1.
_POSIX_PRIORITIZED_IO
The implementation supports the Prioritized Input and Output
option. If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it
shall have the value 200112L.
_POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING
The implementation supports the Process Scheduling option. If
this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have the
value 200112L.
_POSIX_RAW_SOCKETS
The implementation supports the Raw Sockets option. If this
symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have the value
200112L.
_POSIX_READER_WRITER_LOCKS
The implementation supports the Read-Write Locks option. This
is always set to a value greater than zero if the Threads
option is supported. If this symbol has a value other than -1
or 0, it shall have the value 200112L.
_POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS
The implementation supports the Realtime Signals Extension
option. If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it
shall have the value 200112L.
_POSIX_REGEXP
The implementation supports the Regular Expression Handling
option. This symbol shall always be set to a value greater
than zero.
_POSIX_SAVED_IDS
Each process has a saved set-user-ID and a saved set-group-ID.
This symbol shall always be set to a value greater than zero.
_POSIX_SEMAPHORES
The implementation supports the Semaphores option. If this sym-
bol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have the value
200112L.
_POSIX_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS
The implementation supports the Shared Memory Objects option.
If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have
the value 200112L.
_POSIX_SHELL
The implementation supports the POSIX shell. This symbol shall
always be set to a value greater than zero.
_POSIX_SPAWN
The implementation supports the Spawn option. If this symbol
has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have the value
200112L.
_POSIX_SPIN_LOCKS
The implementation supports the Spin Locks option. If this sym-
bol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have the value
200112L.
_POSIX_SPORADIC_SERVER
The implementation supports the Process Sporadic Server option.
If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have
the value 200112L.
_POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO
The implementation supports the Synchronized Input and Output
option. If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it
shall have the value 200112L.
_POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR
The implementation supports the Thread Stack Address Attribute
option. If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it
shall have the value 200112L.
_POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE
The implementation supports the Thread Stack Size Attribute
option. If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it
shall have the value 200112L.
_POSIX_THREAD_CPUTIME
The implementation supports the Thread CPU-Time Clocks option.
If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have
the value 200112L.
_POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT
The implementation supports the Thread Priority Inheritance
option. If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it
shall have the value 200112L.
_POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT
The implementation supports the Thread Priority Protection
option. If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it
shall have the value 200112L.
_POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING
The implementation supports the Thread Execution Scheduling
option. If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it
shall have the value 200112L.
_POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED
The implementation supports the Thread Process-Shared Synchro-
nization option. If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0,
it shall have the value 200112L.
_POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS
The implementation supports the Thread-Safe Functions option.
If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have
the value 200112L.
_POSIX_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER
The implementation supports the Thread Sporadic Server option.
If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have
the value 200112L.
_POSIX_THREADS
The implementation supports the Threads option. If this symbol
has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have the value
200112L.
_POSIX_TIMEOUTS
The implementation supports the Timeouts option. If this symbol
has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have the value
200112L.
_POSIX_TIMERS
The implementation supports the Timers option. If this symbol
has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have the value
200112L.
_POSIX_TRACE
The implementation supports the Trace option. If this symbol
has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have the value
200112L.
_POSIX_TRACE_EVENT_FILTER
The implementation supports the Trace Event Filter option. If
this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have the
value 200112L.
_POSIX_TRACE_INHERIT
The implementation supports the Trace Inherit option. If this
symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have the value
200112L.
_POSIX_TRACE_LOG
The implementation supports the Trace Log option. If this sym-
bol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have the value
200112L.
_POSIX_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECTS
The implementation supports the Typed Memory Objects option. If
this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have the
value 200112L.
_POSIX_VDISABLE
This symbol shall be defined to be the value of a character
that shall disable terminal special character handling as
described in <termios.h> . This symbol shall always be set to a
value other than -1.
_POSIX2_C_BIND
The implementation supports the C-Language Binding option. This
symbol shall always have the value 200112L.
_POSIX2_C_DEV
The implementation supports the C-Language Development Utili-
ties option. If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it
shall have the value 200112L.
_POSIX2_CHAR_TERM
The implementation supports at least one terminal type.
_POSIX2_FORT_DEV
The implementation supports the FORTRAN Development Utilities
option. If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it
shall have the value 200112L.
_POSIX2_FORT_RUN
The implementation supports the FORTRAN Runtime Utilities
option. If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it
shall have the value 200112L.
_POSIX2_LOCALEDEF
The implementation supports the creation of locales by the
localedef utility. If this symbol has a value other than -1 or
0, it shall have the value 200112L.
_POSIX2_PBS
The implementation supports the Batch Environment Services and
Utilities option. If this symbol has a value other than -1 or
0, it shall have the value 200112L.
_POSIX2_PBS_ACCOUNTING
The implementation supports the Batch Accounting option. If
this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have the
value 200112L.
_POSIX2_PBS_CHECKPOINT
The implementation supports the Batch Checkpoint/Restart
option. If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall
have the value 200112L.
_POSIX2_PBS_LOCATE
The implementation supports the Locate Batch Job Request
option. If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall
have the value 200112L.
_POSIX2_PBS_MESSAGE
The implementation supports the Batch Job Message Request
option. If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it
shall have the value 200112L.
_POSIX2_PBS_TRACK
The implementation supports the Track Batch Job Request option.
If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it shall have
the value 200112L.
_POSIX2_SW_DEV
The implementation supports the Software Development Utilities
option. If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it
shall have the value 200112L.
_POSIX2_UPE
The implementation supports the User Portability Utilities
option. If this symbol has a value other than -1 or 0, it
shall have the value 200112L.
_V6_ILP32_OFF32
The implementation provides a C-language compilation environ-
ment with 32-bit int, long, pointer, and off_t types.
_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG
The implementation provides a C-language compilation environ-
ment with 32-bit int, long, and pointer types and an off_t type
using at least 64 bits.
_V6_LP64_OFF64
The implementation provides a C-language compilation environ-
ment with 32-bit int and 64-bit long, pointer, and off_t types.
_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG
The implementation provides a C-language compilation environ-
ment with an int type using at least 32 bits and long, pointer,
and off_t types using at least 64 bits.
_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32 (LEGACY)
The implementation provides a C-language compilation environ-
ment with 32-bit int, long, pointer, and off_t types.
_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG (LEGACY)
The implementation provides a C-language compilation environ-
ment with 32-bit int, long, and pointer types and an off_t type
using at least 64 bits.
_XBS5_LP64_OFF64 (LEGACY)
The implementation provides a C-language compilation environ-
ment with 32-bit int and 64-bit long, pointer, and off_t types.
_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG (LEGACY)
The implementation provides a C-language compilation environ-
ment with an int type using at least 32 bits and long, pointer,
and off_t types using at least 64 bits.
_XOPEN_CRYPT
The implementation supports the X/Open Encryption Option Group.
_XOPEN_ENH_I18N
The implementation supports the Issue 4, Version 2 Enhanced
Internationalization Option Group. This symbol shall always be
set to a value other than -1.
_XOPEN_LEGACY
The implementation supports the Legacy Option Group.
_XOPEN_REALTIME
The implementation supports the X/Open Realtime Option Group.
_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS
The implementation supports the X/Open Realtime Threads Option
Group.
_XOPEN_SHM
The implementation supports the Issue 4, Version 2 Shared Mem-
ory Option Group. This symbol shall always be set to a value
other than -1.
_XOPEN_STREAMS
The implementation supports the XSI STREAMS Option Group.
_XOPEN_UNIX
The implementation supports the XSI extension.
Execution-Time Symbolic Constants
If any of the following constants are not defined in the <unistd.h>
header, the value shall vary depending on the file to which it is
applied.
If any of the following constants are defined to have value -1 in the
<unistd.h> header, the implementation shall not provide the option on
any file; if any are defined to have a value other than -1 in the
<unistd.h> header, the implementation shall provide the option on all
applicable files.
All of the following constants, whether defined in <unistd.h> or not,
may be queried with respect to a specific file using the pathconf() or
fpathconf() functions:
_POSIX_ASYNC_IO
Asynchronous input or output operations may be performed for
the associated file.
_POSIX_PRIO_IO
Prioritized input or output operations may be performed for the
associated file.
_POSIX_SYNC_IO
Synchronized input or output operations may be performed for
the associated file.
Constants for Functions
The following symbolic constant shall be defined:
NULL Null pointer
The following symbolic constants shall be defined for the access()
function:
F_OK Test for existence of file.
R_OK Test for read permission.
W_OK Test for write permission.
X_OK Test for execute (search) permission.
The constants F_OK, R_OK, W_OK, and X_OK and the expressions
R_OK|W_OK, R_OK|X_OK, and R_OK|W_OK|X_OK shall all have distinct val-
ues.
The following symbolic constants shall be defined for the confstr()
function:
_CS_PATH
This is the value for the PATH environment variable that finds
all standard utilities.
_CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS
If sysconf(_SC_V6_ILP32_OFF32) returns -1, the meaning of this
value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of ini-
tial options to be given to the c99 utility to build an appli-
cation using a programming model with 32-bit int, long,
pointer, and off_t types.
_CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS
If sysconf(_SC_V6_ILP32_OFF32) returns -1, the meaning of this
value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of final
options to be given to the c99 utility to build an application
using a programming model with 32-bit int, long, pointer, and
off_t types.
_CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS
If sysconf(_SC_V6_ILP32_OFF32) returns -1, the meaning of this
value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of
libraries to be given to the c99 utility to build an applica-
tion using a programming model with 32-bit int, long, pointer,
and off_t types.
_CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS
If sysconf(_SC_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG) returns -1, the meaning of this
value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of ini-
tial options to be given to the c99 utility to build an appli-
cation using a programming model with 32-bit int, long, and
pointer types, and an off_t type using at least 64 bits.
_CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS
If sysconf(_SC_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG) returns -1, the meaning of this
value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of final
options to be given to the c99 utility to build an application
using a programming model with 32-bit int, long, and pointer
types, and an off_t type using at least 64 bits.
_CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS
If sysconf(_SC_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG) returns -1, the meaning of this
value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of
libraries to be given to the c99 utility to build an applica-
tion using a programming model with 32-bit int, long, and
pointer types, and an off_t type using at least 64 bits.
_CS_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS
If sysconf(_SC_V6_LP64_OFF64) returns -1, the meaning of this
value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of ini-
tial options to be given to the c99 utility to build an appli-
cation using a programming model with 32-bit int and 64-bit
long, pointer, and off_t types.
_CS_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS
If sysconf(_SC_V6_LP64_OFF64) returns -1, the meaning of this
value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of final
options to be given to the c99 utility to build an application
using a programming model with 32-bit int and 64-bit long,
pointer, and off_t types.
_CS_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_LIBS
If sysconf(_SC_V6_LP64_OFF64) returns -1, the meaning of this
value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of
libraries to be given to the c99 utility to build an applica-
tion using a programming model with 32-bit int and 64-bit long,
pointer, and off_t types.
_CS_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS
If sysconf(_SC_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG) returns -1, the meaning of this
value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of ini-
tial options to be given to the c99 utility to build an appli-
cation using a programming model with an int type using at
least 32 bits and long, pointer, and off_t types using at least
64 bits.
_CS_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS
If sysconf(_SC_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG) returns -1, the meaning of this
value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of final
options to be given to the c99 utility to build an application
using a programming model with an int type using at least 32
bits and long, pointer, and off_t types using at least 64 bits.
_CS_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS
If sysconf(_SC_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG) returns -1, the meaning of this
value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of
libraries to be given to the c99 utility to build an applica-
tion using a programming model with an int type using at least
32 bits and long, pointer, and off_t types using at least 64
bits.
_CS_POSIX_V6_WIDTH_RESTRICTED_ENVS
This value is a <newline>-separated list of names of program-
ming environments supported by the implementation in which the
widths of the blksize_t, cc_t, mode_t, nfds_t, pid_t,
ptrdiff_t, size_t, speed_t, ssize_t, suseconds_t, tcflag_t,
useconds_t, wchar_t, and wint_t types are no greater than the
width of type long.
The following symbolic constants are reserved for compatibility with
Issue 5:
_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS (LEGACY)
_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS (LEGACY)
_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS (LEGACY)
_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LINTFLAGS (LEGACY)
_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS (LEGACY)
_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS (LEGACY)
_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS (LEGACY)
_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS (LEGACY)
_CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS (LEGACY)
_CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS (LEGACY)
_CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LIBS (LEGACY)
_CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LINTFLAGS (LEGACY)
_CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS (LEGACY)
_CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS (LEGACY)
_CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS (LEGACY)
_CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS (LEGACY)
The following symbolic constants shall be defined for the lseek() and
fcntl() functions and shall have distinct values:
SEEK_CUR
Set file offset to current plus offset.
SEEK_END
Set file offset to EOF plus offset.
SEEK_SET
Set file offset to offset.
The following symbolic constants shall be defined as possible values
for the function argument to the lockf() function:
F_LOCK Lock a section for exclusive use.
F_TEST Test section for locks by other processes.
F_TLOCK
Test and lock a section for exclusive use.
F_ULOCK
Unlock locked sections.
The following symbolic constants shall be defined for pathconf():
_PC_ALLOC_SIZE_MIN
_PC_ASYNC_IO
_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED
_PC_FILESIZEBITS
_PC_LINK_MAX
_PC_MAX_CANON
_PC_MAX_INPUT
_PC_NAME_MAX
_PC_NO_TRUNC
_PC_PATH_MAX
_PC_PIPE_BUF
_PC_PRIO_IO
_PC_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE
_PC_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE
_PC_REC_XFER_ALIGN
_PC_SYMLINK_MAX
_PC_SYNC_IO
_PC_VDISABLE
The following symbolic constants shall be defined for sysconf():
_SC_2_C_BIND
_SC_2_C_DEV
_SC_2_C_VERSION
_SC_2_CHAR_TERM
_SC_2_FORT_DEV
_SC_2_FORT_RUN
_SC_2_LOCALEDEF
_SC_2_PBS
_SC_2_PBS_ACCOUNTING
_SC_2_PBS_CHECKPOINT
_SC_2_PBS_LOCATE
_SC_2_PBS_MESSAGE
_SC_2_PBS_TRACK
_SC_2_SW_DEV
_SC_2_UPE
_SC_2_VERSION
_SC_ADVISORY_INFO
_SC_ARG_MAX
_SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX
_SC_AIO_MAX
_SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX
_SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO
_SC_ATEXIT_MAX
_SC_BARRIERS
_SC_BC_BASE_MAX
_SC_BC_DIM_MAX
_SC_BC_SCALE_MAX
_SC_BC_STRING_MAX
_SC_CHILD_MAX
_SC_CLK_TCK
_SC_CLOCK_SELECTION
_SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX
_SC_CPUTIME
_SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX
_SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX
_SC_FILE_LOCKING
_SC_FSYNC
_SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX
_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX
_SC_HOST_NAME_MAX
_SC_IOV_MAX
_SC_IPV6
_SC_JOB_CONTROL
_SC_LINE_MAX
_SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX
_SC_MAPPED_FILES
_SC_MEMLOCK
_SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE
_SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION
_SC_MESSAGE_PASSING
_SC_MONOTONIC_CLOCK
_SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX
_SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX
_SC_NGROUPS_MAX
_SC_OPEN_MAX
_SC_PAGE_SIZE
_SC_PAGESIZE
_SC_PRIORITIZED_IO
_SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING
_SC_RAW_SOCKETS
_SC_RE_DUP_MAX
_SC_READER_WRITER_LOCKS
_SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS
_SC_REGEXP
_SC_RTSIG_MAX
_SC_SAVED_IDS
_SC_SEMAPHORES
_SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX
_SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX
_SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS
_SC_SHELL
_SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX
_SC_SPAWN
_SC_SPIN_LOCKS
_SC_SPORADIC_SERVER
_SC_STREAM_MAX
_SC_SYMLOOP_MAX
_SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO
_SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR
_SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE
_SC_THREAD_CPUTIME
_SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS
_SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX
_SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT
_SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT
_SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING
_SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED
_SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS
_SC_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER
_SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN
_SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX
_SC_TIMEOUTS
_SC_THREADS
_SC_TIMER_MAX
_SC_TIMERS
_SC_TRACE
_SC_TRACE_EVENT_FILTER
_SC_TRACE_INHERIT
_SC_TRACE_LOG
_SC_TTY_NAME_MAX
_SC_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECTS
_SC_TZNAME_MAX
_SC_V6_ILP32_OFF32
_SC_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG
_SC_V6_LP64_OFF64
_SC_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG
_SC_VERSION
_SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32 (LEGACY)
_SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG (LEGACY)
_SC_XBS5_LP64_OFF64 (LEGACY)
_SC_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG (LEGACY)
_SC_XOPEN_CRYPT
_SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N
_SC_XOPEN_LEGACY
_SC_XOPEN_REALTIME
_SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS
_SC_XOPEN_SHM
_SC_XOPEN_STREAMS
_SC_XOPEN_UNIX
_SC_XOPEN_VERSION
_SC_XOPEN_XCU_VERSION
The two constants _SC_PAGESIZE and _SC_PAGE_SIZE may be defined to
have the same value.
The following symbolic constants shall be defined for file streams:
STDERR_FILENO
File number of stderr; 2.
STDIN_FILENO
File number of stdin; 0.
STDOUT_FILENO
File number of stdout; 1.
Type Definitions
The size_t, ssize_t, uid_t, gid_t, off_t, pid_t, and useconds_t types
shall be defined as described in <sys/types.h>.
The intptr_t type shall be defined as described in <inttypes.h>.
Declarations
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
int access(const char *, int);
unsigned alarm(unsigned);
int chdir(const char *);
int chown(const char *, uid_t, gid_t);
int close(int);
size_t confstr(int, char *, size_t);
char *crypt(const char *, const char *);
char *ctermid(char *);
int dup(int);
int dup2(int, int);
void encrypt(char[64], int);
int execl(const char *, const char *, ...);
int execle(const char *, const char *, ...);
int execlp(const char *, const char *, ...);
int execv(const char *, char *const []);
int execve(const char *, char *const [], char *const []);
int execvp(const char *, char *const []);
void _exit(int);
int fchown(int, uid_t, gid_t);
int fchdir(int);
int fdatasync(int);
pid_t fork(void);
long fpathconf(int, int);
int fsync(int);
int ftruncate(int, off_t);
char *getcwd(char *, size_t);
gid_t getegid(void);
uid_t geteuid(void);
gid_t getgid(void);
int getgroups(int, gid_t []);
long gethostid(void);
int gethostname(char *, size_t);
char *getlogin(void);
int getlogin_r(char *, size_t);
int getopt(int, char * const [], const char *);
pid_t getpgid(pid_t);
pid_t getpgrp(void);
pid_t getpid(void);
pid_t getppid(void);
pid_t getsid(pid_t);
uid_t getuid(void);
char *getwd(char *); (LEGACY )
int isatty(int);
int lchown(const char *, uid_t, gid_t);
int link(const char *, const char *);
int lockf(int, int, off_t);
off_t lseek(int, off_t, int);
int nice(int);
long pathconf(const char *, int);
int pause(void);
int pipe(int [2]);
ssize_t pread(int, void *, size_t, off_t);
ssize_t pwrite(int, const void *, size_t, off_t);
ssize_t read(int, void *, size_t);
ssize_t readlink(const char *restrict, char *restrict, size_t);
int rmdir(const char *);
int setegid(gid_t);
int seteuid(uid_t);
int setgid(gid_t);
int setpgid(pid_t, pid_t);
pid_t setpgrp(void);
int setregid(gid_t, gid_t);
int setreuid(uid_t, uid_t);
pid_t setsid(void);
int setuid(uid_t);
unsigned sleep(unsigned);
void swab(const void *restrict, void *restrict, ssize_t);
int symlink(const char *, const char *);
void sync(void);
long sysconf(int);
pid_t tcgetpgrp(int);
int tcsetpgrp(int, pid_t);
int truncate(const char *, off_t);
char *ttyname(int);
int ttyname_r(int, char *, size_t);
useconds_t ualarm(useconds_t, useconds_t);
int unlink(const char *);
int usleep(useconds_t);
pid_t vfork(void);
ssize_t write(int, const void *, size_t);
Implementations may also include the pthread_atfork() prototype as
defined in <pthread.h> .
The following external variables shall be declared:
extern char *optarg;
extern int optind, opterr, optopt;
The following sections are informative.
APPLICATION USAGE
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 only describes the behavior of systems that claim
conformance to it. However, application developers who want to write
applications that adapt to other versions of IEEE Std 1003.1 (or to
systems that do not conform to any POSIX standard) may find it useful
to code them so as to conditionally compile different code depending
on the value of _POSIX_VERSION, for example:
#if _POSIX_VERSION >= 200112L
/* Use the newer function that copes with large files. */
off_t pos=ftello(fp);
#else
/* Either this is an old version of POSIX, or _POSIX_VERSION is
not even defined, so use the traditional function. */
long pos=ftell(fp);
#endif
Earlier versions of IEEE Std 1003.1 and of the Single UNIX Specifica-
tion can be identified by the following macros:
POSIX.1-1988 standard
_POSIX_VERSION==198808L
POSIX.1-1990 standard
_POSIX_VERSION==199009L
ISO POSIX-1:1996 standard
_POSIX_VERSION==199506L
Single UNIX Specification, Version 1
_XOPEN_UNIX and _XOPEN_VERSION==4
Single UNIX Specification, Version 2
_XOPEN_UNIX and _XOPEN_VERSION==500
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 does not make any attempt to define application
binary interaction with the underlying operating system. However,
application developers may find it useful to query _SC_VERSION at run-
time via sysconf() to determine whether the current version of the
operating system supports the necessary functionality as in the fol-
lowing program fragment:
if (sysconf(_SC_VERSION) < 200112L) {
fprintf(stderr, "POSIX.1-2001 system required, terminating \n");
exit(1);
}
New applications should not use _XOPEN_SHM or _XOPEN_ENH_I18N.
RATIONALE
As IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 evolved, certain options became sufficiently
standardized that it was concluded that simply requiring one of the
option choices was simpler than retaining the option. However, for
backwards-compatibility, the option flags (with required constant val-
ues) are retained.
Version Test Macros
The standard developers considered altering the definition of
_POSIX_VERSION and removing _SC_VERSION from the specification of
sysconf() since the utility to an application was deemed by some to be
minimal, and since the implementation of the functionality is poten-
tially problematic. However, they recognized that support for exist-
ing application binaries is a concern to manufacturers, application
developers, and the users of implementations conforming to
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001.
While the example using _SC_VERSION in the APPLICATION USAGE section
does not provide the greatest degree of imaginable utility to the
application developer or user, it is arguably better than a core file
or some other equally obscure result. (It is also possible for imple-
mentations to encode and recognize application binaries compiled in
various POSIX.1-conforming environments, and modify the semantics of
the underlying system to conform to the expectations of the applica-
tion.) For the reasons outlined in the preceding paragraphs and in the
APPLICATION USAGE section, the standard developers elected to retain
the _POSIX_VERSION and _SC_VERSION functionality.
Compile-Time Symbolic Constants for System-Wide Options
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 now includes support in certain areas for the
newly adopted policy governing options and stubs.
This policy provides flexibility for implementations in how they sup-
port options. It also specifies how conforming applications can adapt
to different implementations that support different sets of options.
It allows the following:
1. If an implementation has no interest in supporting an option, it
does not have to provide anything associated with that option
beyond the announcement that it does not support it.
2. An implementation can support a partial or incompatible version of
an option (as a non-standard extension) as long as it does not
claim to support the option.
3. An application can determine whether the option is supported. A
strictly conforming application must check this announcement mech-
anism before first using anything associated with the option.
There is an important implication of this policy. IEEE Std 1003.1-2001
cannot dictate the behavior of interfaces associated with an option
when the implementation does not claim to support the option. In par-
ticular, it cannot require that a function associated with an unsup-
ported option will fail if it does not perform as specified. However,
this policy does not prevent a standard from requiring certain func-
tions to always be present, but that they shall always fail on some
implementations. The setpgid() function in the POSIX.1-1990 standard,
for example, is considered appropriate.
The POSIX standards include various options, and the C-language bind-
ing support for an option implies that the implementation must supply
data types and function interfaces. An application must be able to
discover whether the implementation supports each option.
Any application must consider the following three cases for each
option:
1. Option never supported.
The implementation advertises at compile time that the option will
never be supported. In this case, it is not necessary for the imple-
mentation to supply any of the data types or function interfaces that
are provided only as part of the option. The implementation might pro-
vide data types and functions that are similar to those defined by
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, but there is no guarantee for any particular
behavior.
2. Option always supported.
The implementation advertises at compile time that the option will
always be supported. In this case, all data types and function inter-
faces shall be available and shall operate as specified.
3. Option might or might not be supported.
Some implementations might not provide a mechanism to specify support
of options at compile time. In addition, the implementation might be
unable or unwilling to specify support or non-support at compile time.
In either case, any application that might use the option at runtime
must be able to compile and execute. The implementation must provide,
at compile time, all data types and function interfaces that are nec-
essary to allow this. In this situation, there must be a mechanism
that allows the application to query, at runtime, whether the option
is supported. If the application attempts to use the option when it
is not supported, the result is unspecified unless explicitly speci-
fied otherwise in IEEE Std 1003.1-2001.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
<inttypes.h> , <limits.h> , <sys/socket.h> , <sys/types.h> ,
<termios.h> , <wctype.h> , the System Interfaces volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, access(), alarm(), chdir(), chown(), close(),
crypt(), ctermid(), dup(), encrypt(), environ, exec, exit(), fchdir(),
fchown(), fcntl(), fork(), fpathconf(), fsync(), ftruncate(),
getcwd(), getegid(), geteuid(), getgid(), getgroups(), gethostid(),
gethostname(), getlogin(), getpgid(), getpgrp(), getpid(), getppid(),
getsid(), getuid(), isatty(), lchown(), link(), lockf(), lseek(),
nice(), pathconf(), pause(), pipe(), read(), readlink(), rmdir(), set-
gid(), setpgid(), setpgrp(), setregid(), setreuid(), setsid(),
setuid(), sleep(), swab(), symlink(), sync(), sysconf(), tcgetpgrp(),
tcsetpgrp(), truncate(), ttyname(), ualarm(), unlink(), usleep(),
vfork(), write()
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technol-
ogy -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group
Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In
the event of any discrepancy between this version and the original
IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group
Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be
obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .
POSIX 2003 <unistd.h>(P)
