Template
Template(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation Template(3)
NAME
Template - Front-end module to the Template Toolkit
SYNOPSIS
use Template;
# some useful options (see below for full list)
my $config = {
INCLUDE_PATH => ’/search/path’, # or list ref
INTERPOLATE => 1, # expand "$var" in plain text
POST_CHOMP => 1, # cleanup whitespace
PRE_PROCESS => ’header’, # prefix each template
EVAL_PERL => 1, # evaluate Perl code blocks
};
# create Template object
my $template = Template->new($config);
# define template variables for replacement
my $vars = {
var1 => $value,
var2 => \%hash,
var3 => \@list,
var4 => \&code,
var5 => $object,
};
# specify input filename, or file handle, text reference, etc.
my $input = ’myfile.html’;
# process input template, substituting variables
$template->process($input, $vars)
││ die $template->error();
DESCRIPTION
This documentation describes the Template module which is the direct
Perl interface into the Template Toolkit. It covers the use of the
module and gives a brief summary of configuration options and template
directives. Please see Template::Manual for the complete reference
manual which goes into much greater depth about the features and use
of the Template Toolkit. The Template::Tutorial is also available as
an introductory guide to using the Template Toolkit.
METHODS
new(\%config)
The "new()" constructor method (implemented by the Template::Base base
class) instantiates a new "Template" object. A reference to a hash
array of configuration items may be passed as a parameter.
my $tt = Template->new({
INCLUDE_PATH => ’/usr/local/templates’,
EVAL_PERL => 1,
}) ││ die $Template::ERROR, "\n";
A reference to a new "Template" object is returned, or undef on error.
In the latter case, the error message can be retrieved by calling
error() as a class method or by examining the $Template::ERROR package
variable directly.
my $tt = Template->new(\%config)
││ die Template->error(), "\n";
my $tt = Template->new(\%config)
││ die $Template::ERROR, "\n";
For convenience, configuration items may also be specified as a list
of items instead of a hash array reference. These are automatically
folded into a hash array by the constructor.
my $tt = Template->new(INCLUDE_PATH => ’/tmp’, POST_CHOMP => 1)
││ die $Template::ERROR, "\n";
process($template, \%vars, $output, %options)
The "process()" method is called to process a template. The first
parameter indicates the input template as one of: a filename relative
to "INCLUDE_PATH", if defined; a reference to a text string containing
the template text; or a file handle reference (e.g. "IO::Handle" or
sub-class) or "GLOB" (e.g. "\*STDIN"), from which the template can be
read. A reference to a hash array may be passed as the second parame-
ter, containing definitions of template variables.
# filename
$tt->process(’welcome.tt2’)
││ die $tt->error(), "\n";
# text reference
$text = "[% INCLUDE header %]\nHello world!\n[% INCLUDE footer %]";
$tt->process(\$text)
││ die $tt->error(), "\n";
# file handle (GLOB)
$tt->process(\*DATA)
││ die $tt->error(), "\n";
__END__
[% INCLUDE header %]
This is a template defined in the __END__ section which is
accessible via the DATA "file handle".
[% INCLUDE footer %]
By default, the processed template output is printed to "STDOUT". The
"process()" method then returns 1 to indicate success. A third parame-
ter may be passed to the "process()" method to specify a different
output location. This value may be one of: a plain string indicating
a filename which will be opened (relative to "OUTPUT_PATH", if
defined) and the output written to; a file GLOB opened ready for out-
put; a reference to a scalar (e.g. a text string) to which out-
put/error is appended; a reference to a subroutine which is called,
passing the output as a parameter; or any object reference which
implements a "print()" method (e.g. "IO::Handle", "Apache::Request",
etc.) which will be called, passing the generated output as a parame-
ter.
Examples:
# output filename
$tt->process(’welcome.tt2’, $vars, ’welcome.html’)
││ die $tt->error(), "\n";
# reference to output subroutine
sub myout {
my $output = shift;
...
}
$tt->process(’welcome.tt2’, $vars, \&myout)
││ die $tt->error(), "\n";
# reference to output text string
my $output = ’’;
$tt->process(’welcome.tt2’, $vars, \$output)
││ die $tt->error(), "\n";
print "output: $output\n";
In an Apache/mod_perl handler:
sub handler {
my $req = shift;
# ...your code here...
# direct output to Apache::Request via $req->print($output)
$tt->process($file, $vars, $req) ││ do {
$req->log_reason($tt->error());
return SERVER_ERROR;
};
return OK;
}
After the optional third output argument can come an optional refer-
ence to a hash or a list of "(name, value)" pairs providing further
options for the output. The only option currently supported is "bin-
mode" which, when set to any true value will ensure that files created
(but not any existing file handles passed) will be set to binary mode.
# either: hash reference of options
$tt->process($infile, $vars, $outfile, { binmode => 1 })
││ die $tt->error(), "\n";
# or: list of name, value pairs
$tt->process($infile, $vars, $outfile, binmode => 1)
││ die $tt->error(), "\n";
Alternately, the "binmode" argument can specify a particular IO layer
such as ":utf8".
$tt->process($infile, $vars, $outfile, binmode => ’:utf8’)
││ die $tt->error(), "\n";
The "OUTPUT" configuration item can be used to specify a default out-
put location other than "\*STDOUT". The "OUTPUT_PATH" specifies a
directory which should be prefixed to all output locations specified
as filenames.
my $tt = Template->new({
OUTPUT => sub { ... }, # default
OUTPUT_PATH => ’/tmp’,
...
}) ││ die Template->error(), "\n";
# use default OUTPUT (sub is called)
$tt->process(’welcome.tt2’, $vars)
││ die $tt->error(), "\n";
# write file to ’/tmp/welcome.html’
$tt->process(’welcome.tt2’, $vars, ’welcome.html’)
││ die $tt->error(), "\n";
The "process()" method returns 1 on success or "undef" on error. The
error message generated in the latter case can be retrieved by calling
the error() method. See also "CONFIGURATION SUMMARY" which describes
how error handling may be further customised.
error()
When called as a class method, it returns the value of the $ERROR
package variable. Thus, the following are equivalent.
my $tt = Template->new()
││ die Template->error(), "\n";
my $tt = Template->new()
││ die $Template::ERROR, "\n";
When called as an object method, it returns the value of the internal
"_ERROR" variable, as set by an error condition in a previous call to
process().
$tt->process(’welcome.tt2’)
││ die $tt->error(), "\n";
Errors are represented in the Template Toolkit by objects of the Tem-
plate::Exception class. If the process() method returns a false value
then the "error()" method can be called to return an object of this
class. The type() and info() methods can called on the object to
retrieve the error type and information string, respectively. The
as_string() method can be called to return a string of the form "$type
- $info". This method is also overloaded onto the stringification
operator allowing the object reference itself to be printed to return
the formatted error string.
$tt->process(’somefile’) ││ do {
my $error = $tt->error();
print "error type: ", $error->type(), "\n";
print "error info: ", $error->info(), "\n";
print $error, "\n";
};
service()
The "Template" module delegates most of the effort of processing tem-
plates to an underlying Template::Service object. This method returns
a reference to that object.
context()
The Template::Service module uses a core Template::Context object for
runtime processing of templates. This method returns a reference to
that object and is equivalent to "$template->service->context()".
CONFIGURATION SUMMARY
The following list gives a short summary of each Template Toolkit con-
figuration option. See Template::Manual::Config for full details.
Template Style and Parsing Options
START_TAG, END_TAG
Define tokens that indicate start and end of directives (default:
’"[%"’ and ’"%]"’).
TAG_STYLE
Set "START_TAG" and "END_TAG" according to a pre-defined style
(default: ’"template"’, as above).
PRE_CHOMP, POST_CHOMP
Removes whitespace before/after directives (default: 0/0).
TRIM
Remove leading and trailing whitespace from template output (default:
0).
INTERPOLATE
Interpolate variables embedded like $this or "${this}" (default: 0).
ANYCASE
Allow directive keywords in lower case (default: 0 - UPPER only).
Template Files and Blocks
INCLUDE_PATH
One or more directories to search for templates.
DELIMITER
Delimiter for separating paths in "INCLUDE_PATH" (default: ’":"’).
ABSOLUTE
Allow absolute file names, e.g. "/foo/bar.html" (default: 0).
RELATIVE
Allow relative filenames, e.g. "../foo/bar.html" (default: 0).
DEFAULT
Default template to use when another not found.
BLOCKS
Hash array pre-defining template blocks.
AUTO_RESET
Enabled by default causing "BLOCK" definitions to be reset each time a
template is processed. Disable to allow "BLOCK" definitions to per-
sist.
RECURSION
Flag to permit recursion into templates (default: 0).
Template Variables
VARIABLES
Hash array of variables and values to pre-define in the stash.
Runtime Processing Options
EVAL_PERL
Flag to indicate if "PERL"/"RAWPERL" blocks should be processed
(default: 0).
PRE_PROCESS, POST_PROCESS
Name of template(s) to process before/after main template.
PROCESS
Name of template(s) to process instead of main template.
ERROR
Name of error template or reference to hash array mapping error types
to templates.
OUTPUT
Default output location or handler.
OUTPUT_PATH
Directory into which output files can be written.
DEBUG
Enable debugging messages.
Caching and Compiling Options
CACHE_SIZE
Maximum number of compiled templates to cache in memory (default:
undef - cache all)
COMPILE_EXT
Filename extension for compiled template files (default: undef - don’t
compile).
COMPILE_DIR
Root of directory in which compiled template files should be written
(default: undef - don’t compile).
Plugins and Filters
PLUGINS
Reference to a hash array mapping plugin names to Perl packages.
PLUGIN_BASE
One or more base classes under which plugins may be found.
LOAD_PERL
Flag to indicate regular Perl modules should be loaded if a named plu-
gin can’t be found (default: 0).
FILTERS
Hash array mapping filter names to filter subroutines or factories.
Customisation and Extension
LOAD_TEMPLATES
List of template providers.
LOAD_PLUGINS
List of plugin providers.
LOAD_FILTERS
List of filter providers.
TOLERANT
Set providers to tolerate errors as declinations (default: 0).
SERVICE
Reference to a custom service object (default: Template::Service).
CONTEXT
Reference to a custom context object (default: Template::Context).
STASH
Reference to a custom stash object (default: Template::Stash).
PARSER
Reference to a custom parser object (default: Template::Parser).
GRAMMAR
Reference to a custom grammar object (default: Template::Grammar).
DIRECTIVE SUMMARY
The following list gives a short summary of each Template Toolkit
directive. See Template::Manual::Directives for full details.
GET
Evaluate and print a variable or value.
[% GET variable %] # ’GET’ keyword is optional
[% variable %]
[% hash.key %]
[% list.n %]
[% code(args) %]
[% obj.meth(args) %]
[% "value: $var" %]
CALL
As per GET but without printing result (e.g. call code)
[% CALL variable %]
SET
Assign a values to variables.
[% SET variable = value %] # ’SET’ also optional
[% variable = other_variable
variable = ’literal text @ $100’
variable = "interpolated text: $var"
list = [ val, val, val, val, ... ]
list = [ val..val ]
hash = { var => val, var => val, ... }
%]
DEFAULT
Like SET, but variables are only set if currently unset (i.e. have no
true value).
[% DEFAULT variable = value %]
INSERT
Insert a file without any processing performed on the contents.
[% INSERT legalese.txt %]
PROCESS
Process another template file or block and insert the generated out-
put. Any template BLOCKs or variables defined or updated in the "PRO-
CESS"ed template will thereafter be defined in the calling template.
[% PROCESS template %]
[% PROCESS template var = val, ... %]
INCLUDE
Similar to "PROCESS", but using a local copy of the current variables.
Any template "BLOCK"s or variables defined in the "INCLUDE"d template
remain local to it.
[% INCLUDE template %]
[% INCLUDE template var = val, ... %]
WRAPPER
The content between the "WRAPPER" and correspondng "END" directives is
first evaluated, with the output generated being stored in the "con-
tent" variable. The named template is then process as per "INCLUDE".
[% WRAPPER layout %]
Some template markup [% blah %]...
[% END %]
A simple layout template might look something like this:
Your header here...
[% content %]
Your footer here...
BLOCK
Define a named template block for INCLUDE, PROCESS and WRAPPER to use.
[% BLOCK hello %]
Hello World
[% END %]
[% INCLUDE hello %]
FOREACH
Repeat the enclosed "FOREACH" ... "END" block for each value in the
list.
[% FOREACH variable IN [ val, val, val ] %] # either
[% FOREACH variable IN list %] # or
The variable is set to [% variable %]
[% END %]
WHILE
The block enclosed between "WHILE" and "END" block is processed while
the specified condition is true.
[% WHILE condition %]
content
[% END %]
IF / UNLESS / ELSIF / ELSE
The enclosed block is processed if the condition is true / false.
[% IF condition %]
content
[% ELSIF condition %]
content
[% ELSE %]
content
[% END %]
[% UNLESS condition %]
content
[% # ELSIF/ELSE as per IF, above %]
content
[% END %]
SWITCH / CASE
Multi-way switch/case statement.
[% SWITCH variable %]
[% CASE val1 %]
content
[% CASE [ val2, val3 ] %]
content
[% CASE %] # or [% CASE DEFAULT %]
content
[% END %]
MACRO
Define a named macro.
[% MACRO name <directive> %]
[% MACRO name(arg1, arg2) <directive> %]
...
[% name %]
[% name(val1, val2) %]
FILTER
Process enclosed "FILTER" ... "END" block then pipe through a filter.
[% FILTER name %] # either
[% FILTER name( params ) %] # or
[% FILTER alias = name( params ) %] # or
content
[% END %]
USE
Load a plugin module (see "Template::<Manual::Plugins"), or any regu-
lar Perl module when the "LOAD_PERL" option is set.
[% USE name %] # either
[% USE name( params ) %] # or
[% USE var = name( params ) %] # or
...
[% name.method %]
[% var.method %]
PERL / RAWPERL
Evaluate enclosed blocks as Perl code (requires the "EVAL_PERL" option
to be set).
[% PERL %]
# perl code goes here
$stash->set(’foo’, 10);
print "set ’foo’ to ", $stash->get(’foo’), "\n";
print $context->include(’footer’, { var => $val });
[% END %]
[% RAWPERL %]
# raw perl code goes here, no magic but fast.
$output .= ’some output’;
[% END %]
TRY / THROW / CATCH / FINAL
Exception handling.
[% TRY %]
content
[% THROW type info %]
[% CATCH type %]
catch content
[% error.type %] [% error.info %]
[% CATCH %] # or [% CATCH DEFAULT %]
content
[% FINAL %]
this block is always processed
[% END %]
NEXT
Jump straight to the next item in a "FOREACH" or "WHILE" loop.
[% NEXT %]
LAST
Break out of "FOREACH" or "WHILE" loop.
[% LAST %]
RETURN
Stop processing current template and return to including templates.
[% RETURN %]
STOP
Stop processing all templates and return to caller.
[% STOP %]
TAGS
Define new tag style or characters (default: "[%" "%]").
[% TAGS html %]
[% TAGS <!-- --> %]
COMMENTS
Ignored and deleted.
[% # this is a comment to the end of line
foo = ’bar’
%]
[%# placing the ’#’ immediately inside the directive
tag comments out the entire directive
%]
AUTHOR
Andy Wardley <abw@wardley.org> <http://wardley.org/>
VERSION
Template Toolkit version 2.20, released August 2008.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 1996-2008 Andy Wardley. All Rights Reserved.
This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the same terms as Perl itself.
perl v5.8.8 2008-08-13 Template(3)
