MIME::Lite
MIME::Lite(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation MIME::Lite(3)
NAME
MIME::Lite - low-calorie MIME generator
SYNOPSIS
Create and send using the default send method for your OS a single-
part message:
use MIME::Lite;
### Create a new single-part message, to send a GIF file:
$msg = MIME::Lite->new(
From => ’me@myhost.com’,
To => ’you@yourhost.com’,
Cc => ’some@other.com, some@more.com’,
Subject => ’Helloooooo, nurse!’,
Type => ’image/gif’,
Encoding => ’base64’,
Path => ’hellonurse.gif’
);
$msg->send; # send via default
Create a multipart message (i.e., one with attachments) and send it
SMTP
### Create a new multipart message:
$msg = MIME::Lite->new(
From => ’me@myhost.com’,
To => ’you@yourhost.com’,
Cc => ’some@other.com, some@more.com’,
Subject => ’A message with 2 parts...’,
Type => ’multipart/mixed’
);
### Add parts (each "attach" has same arguments as "new"):
$msg->attach(
Type => ’TEXT’,
Data => "Here’s the GIF file you wanted"
);
$msg->attach(
Type => ’image/gif’,
Path => ’aaa000123.gif’,
Filename => ’logo.gif’,
Disposition => ’attachment’
);
### use Net:SMTP to do the sending
$msg->send(’smtp’,’some.host’, Debug=>1 );
Output a message:
### Format as a string:
$str = $msg->as_string;
### Print to a filehandle (say, a "sendmail" stream):
$msg->print(\*SENDMAIL);
Send a message:
### Send in the "best" way (the default is to use "sendmail"):
$msg->send;
### Send a specific way:
$msg->send(’type’,@args);
Specify default send method:
MIME::Lite->send(’smtp’,’some.host’,Debug=>0);
with authentication
MIME::Lite->send(’smtp’,’some.host’,
AuthUser=>$user, AuthPass=>$pass);
DESCRIPTION
In the never-ending quest for great taste with fewer calories, we
proudly present: MIME::Lite.
MIME::Lite is intended as a simple, standalone module for generating
(not parsing!) MIME messages... specifically, it allows you to output
a simple, decent single- or multi-part message with text or binary
attachments. It does not require that you have the Mail:: or MIME::
modules installed, but will work with them if they are.
You can specify each message part as either the literal data itself
(in a scalar or array), or as a string which can be given to open() to
get a readable filehandle (e.g., "<filename" or "somecommand│").
You don’t need to worry about encoding your message data: this module
will do that for you. It handles the 5 standard MIME encodings.
EXAMPLES
Create a simple message containing just text
$msg = MIME::Lite->new(
From =>’me@myhost.com’,
To =>’you@yourhost.com’,
Cc =>’some@other.com, some@more.com’,
Subject =>’Helloooooo, nurse!’,
Data =>"How’s it goin’, eh?"
);
Create a simple message containing just an image
$msg = MIME::Lite->new(
From =>’me@myhost.com’,
To =>’you@yourhost.com’,
Cc =>’some@other.com, some@more.com’,
Subject =>’Helloooooo, nurse!’,
Type =>’image/gif’,
Encoding =>’base64’,
Path =>’hellonurse.gif’
);
Create a multipart message
### Create the multipart "container":
$msg = MIME::Lite->new(
From =>’me@myhost.com’,
To =>’you@yourhost.com’,
Cc =>’some@other.com, some@more.com’,
Subject =>’A message with 2 parts...’,
Type =>’multipart/mixed’
);
### Add the text message part:
### (Note that "attach" has same arguments as "new"):
$msg->attach(
Type =>’TEXT’,
Data =>"Here’s the GIF file you wanted"
);
### Add the image part:
$msg->attach(
Type =>’image/gif’,
Path =>’aaa000123.gif’,
Filename =>’logo.gif’,
Disposition => ’attachment’
);
Attach a GIF to a text message
This will create a multipart message exactly as above, but using the
"attach to singlepart" hack:
### Start with a simple text message:
$msg = MIME::Lite->new(
From =>’me@myhost.com’,
To =>’you@yourhost.com’,
Cc =>’some@other.com, some@more.com’,
Subject =>’A message with 2 parts...’,
Type =>’TEXT’,
Data =>"Here’s the GIF file you wanted"
);
### Attach a part... the make the message a multipart automatically:
$msg->attach(
Type =>’image/gif’,
Path =>’aaa000123.gif’,
Filename =>’logo.gif’
);
Attach a pre-prepared part to a message
### Create a standalone part:
$part = MIME::Lite->new(
Type =>’text/html’,
Data =>’<H1>Hello</H1>’,
);
$part->attr(’content-type.charset’ => ’UTF-8’);
$part->add(’X-Comment’ => ’A message for you’);
### Attach it to any message:
$msg->attach($part);
Print a message to a filehandle
### Write it to a filehandle:
$msg->print(\*STDOUT);
### Write just the header:
$msg->print_header(\*STDOUT);
### Write just the encoded body:
$msg->print_body(\*STDOUT);
Print a message into a string
### Get entire message as a string:
$str = $msg->as_string;
### Get just the header:
$str = $msg->header_as_string;
### Get just the encoded body:
$str = $msg->body_as_string;
Send a message
### Send in the "best" way (the default is to use "sendmail"):
$msg->send;
Send an HTML document... with images included!
$msg = MIME::Lite->new(
To =>’you@yourhost.com’,
Subject =>’HTML with in-line images!’,
Type =>’multipart/related’
);
$msg->attach(
Type => ’text/html’,
Data => qq{
<body>
Here’s <i>my</i> image:
<img src="cid:myimage.gif">
</body>
},
);
$msg->attach(
Type => ’image/gif’,
Id => ’myimage.gif’,
Path => ’/path/to/somefile.gif’,
);
$msg->send();
Change how messages are sent
### Do something like this in your ’main’:
if ($I_DONT_HAVE_SENDMAIL) {
MIME::Lite->send(’smtp’, $host, Timeout=>60
AuthUser=>$user, AuthPass=>$pass);
}
### Now this will do the right thing:
$msg->send; ### will now use Net::SMTP as shown above
PUBLIC INTERFACE
Global configuration
To alter the way the entire module behaves, you have the following
methods/options:
MIME::Lite->field_order()
When used as a classmethod, this changes the default order in
which headers are output for all messages. However, please con-
sider using the instance method variant instead, so you won’t
stomp on other message senders in the same application.
MIME::Lite->quiet()
This classmethod can be used to suppress/unsuppress all warnings
coming from this module.
MIME::Lite->send()
When used as a classmethod, this can be used to specify a differ-
ent default mechanism for sending message. The initial default
is:
MIME::Lite->send("sendmail", "/usr/lib/sendmail -t -oi -oem");
However, you should consider the similar but smarter and taint-
safe variant:
MIME::Lite->send("sendmail");
Or, for non-Unix users:
MIME::Lite->send("smtp");
$MIME::Lite::AUTO_CC
If true, automatically send to the Cc/Bcc addresses for
send_by_smtp(). Default is true.
$MIME::Lite::AUTO_CONTENT_TYPE
If true, try to automatically choose the content type from the
file name in "new()"/"build()". In other words, setting this true
changes the default "Type" from "TEXT" to "AUTO".
Default is false, since we must maintain backwards-compatibility
with prior behavior. Please consider keeping it false, and just
using Type ’AUTO’ when you build() or attach().
$MIME::Lite::AUTO_ENCODE
If true, automatically choose the encoding from the content type.
Default is true.
$MIME::Lite::AUTO_VERIFY
If true, check paths to attachments right before printing, raising
an exception if any path is unreadable. Default is true.
$MIME::Lite::PARANOID
If true, we won’t attempt to use MIME::Base64, MIME::QuotedPrint,
or MIME::Types, even if they’re available. Default is false.
Please consider keeping it false, and trusting these other pack-
ages to do the right thing.
Construction
new [PARAMHASH]
Class method, constructor. Create a new message object.
If any arguments are given, they are passed into "build()"; other-
wise, just the empty object is created.
attach PART
attach PARAMHASH...
Instance method. Add a new part to this message, and return the
new part.
If you supply a single PART argument, it will be regarded as a
MIME::Lite object to be attached. Otherwise, this method assumes
that you are giving in the pairs of a PARAMHASH which will be sent
into "new()" to create the new part.
One of the possibly-quite-useful hacks thrown into this is the
"attach-to-singlepart" hack: if you attempt to attach a part
(let’s call it "part 1") to a message that doesn’t have a content-
type of "multipart" or "message", the following happens:
* A new part (call it "part 0") is made.
* The MIME attributes and data (but not the other headers) are
cut from the "self" message, and pasted into "part 0".
* The "self" is turned into a "multipart/mixed" message.
* The new "part 0" is added to the "self", and then "part 1" is
added.
One of the nice side-effects is that you can create a text message
and then add zero or more attachments to it, much in the same way
that a user agent like Netscape allows you to do.
build [PARAMHASH]
Class/instance method, initializer. Create (or initialize) a MIME
message object. Normally, you’ll use the following keys in
PARAMHASH:
* Data, FH, or Path (either one of these, or none if multipart)
* Type (e.g., "image/jpeg")
* From, To, and Subject (if this is the "top level" of a message)
The PARAMHASH can contain the following keys:
(fieldname)
Any field you want placed in the message header, taken from
the standard list of header fields (you don’t need to worry
about case):
Approved Encrypted Received Sender
Bcc From References Subject
Cc Keywords Reply-To To
Comments Message-ID Resent-* X-*
Content-* MIME-Version Return-Path
Date Organization
To give experienced users some veto power, these fields will
be set after the ones I set... so be careful: don’t set any
MIME fields (like "Content-type") unless you know what you’re
doing!
To specify a fieldname that’s not in the above list, even one
that’s identical to an option below, just give it with a
trailing ":", like "My-field:". When in doubt, that always
signals a mail field (and it sort of looks like one too).
Data
Alternative to "Path" or "FH". The actual message data. This
may be a scalar or a ref to an array of strings; if the lat-
ter, the message consists of a simple concatenation of all the
strings in the array.
Datestamp
Optional. If given true (or omitted), we force the creation
of a "Date:" field stamped with the current date/time if this
is a top-level message. You may want this if using
send_by_smtp(). If you don’t want this to be done, either
provide your own Date or explicitly set this to false.
Disposition
Optional. The content disposition, "inline" or "attachment".
The default is "inline".
Encoding
Optional. The content transfer encoding that should be used
to encode your data:
Use encoding: │ If your message contains:
------------------------------------------------------------
7bit │ Only 7-bit text, all lines <1000 characters
8bit │ 8-bit text, all lines <1000 characters
quoted-printable │ 8-bit text or long lines (more reliable than "8bit")
base64 │ Largely non-textual data: a GIF, a tar file, etc.
The default is taken from the Type; generally it is "binary"
(no encoding) for text/*, message/*, and multipart/*, and
"base64" for everything else. A value of "binary" is gener-
ally not suitable for sending anything but ASCII text files
with lines under 1000 characters, so consider using one of the
other values instead.
In the case of "7bit"/"8bit", long lines are automatically
chopped to legal length; in the case of "7bit", all 8-bit
characters are automatically removed. This may not be what
you want, so pick your encoding well! For more info, see "A
MIME PRIMER".
FH Alternative to "Data" or "Path". Filehandle containing the
data, opened for reading. See "ReadNow" also.
Filename
Optional. The name of the attachment. You can use this to
supply a recommended filename for the end-user who is saving
the attachment to disk. You only need this if the filename at
the end of the "Path" is inadequate, or if you’re using "Data"
instead of "Path". You should not put path information in
here (e.g., no "/" or "\" or ":" characters should be used).
Id Optional. Same as setting "content-id".
Length
Optional. Set the content length explicitly. Normally, this
header is automatically computed, but only under certain cir-
cumstances (see "Limitations").
Path
Alternative to "Data" or "FH". Path to a file containing the
data... actually, it can be any open()able expression. If it
looks like a path, the last element will automatically be
treated as the filename. See "ReadNow" also.
ReadNow
Optional, for use with "Path". If true, will open the path
and slurp the contents into core now. This is useful if the
Path points to a command and you don’t want to run the command
over and over if outputting the message several times. Fatal
exception raised if the open fails.
Top Optional. If defined, indicates whether or not this is a
"top-level" MIME message. The parts of a multipart message
are not top-level. Default is true.
Type
Optional. The MIME content type, or one of these special val-
ues (case-sensitive):
"TEXT" means "text/plain"
"BINARY" means "application/octet-stream"
"AUTO" means attempt to guess from the filename, falling back
to ’application/octet-stream’. This is good if you have
MIME::Types on your system and you have no idea what
file might be used for the attachment.
The default is "TEXT", but it will be "AUTO" if you set
$AUTO_CONTENT_TYPE to true (sorry, but you have to enable it
explicitly, since we don’t want to break code which depends on
the old behavior).
A picture being worth 1000 words (which is of course 2000 bytes,
so it’s probably more of an "icon" than a "picture", but I
digress...), here are some examples:
$msg = MIME::Lite->build(
From => ’yelling@inter.com’,
To => ’stocking@fish.net’,
Subject => "Hi there!",
Type => ’TEXT’,
Encoding => ’7bit’,
Data => "Just a quick note to say hi!"
);
$msg = MIME::Lite->build(
From => ’dorothy@emerald-city.oz’,
To => ’gesundheit@edu.edu.edu’,
Subject => "A gif for U"
Type => ’image/gif’,
Path => "/home/httpd/logo.gif"
);
$msg = MIME::Lite->build(
From => ’laughing@all.of.us’,
To => ’scarlett@fiddle.dee.de’,
Subject => "A gzipp’ed tar file",
Type => ’x-gzip’,
Path => "gzip < /usr/inc/somefile.tar │",
ReadNow => 1,
Filename => "somefile.tgz"
);
To show you what’s really going on, that last example could also
have been written:
$msg = new MIME::Lite;
$msg->build(
Type => ’x-gzip’,
Path => "gzip < /usr/inc/somefile.tar │",
ReadNow => 1,
Filename => "somefile.tgz"
);
$msg->add(From => "laughing@all.of.us");
$msg->add(To => "scarlett@fiddle.dee.de");
$msg->add(Subject => "A gzipp’ed tar file");
Setting/getting headers and attributes
add TAG,VALUE
Instance method. Add field TAG with the given VALUE to the end of
the header. The TAG will be converted to all-lowercase, and the
VALUE will be made "safe" (returns will be given a trailing
space).
Beware: any MIME fields you "add" will override any MIME
attributes I have when it comes time to output those fields. Nor-
mally, you will use this method to add non-MIME fields:
$msg->add("Subject" => "Hi there!");
Giving VALUE as an arrayref will cause all those values to be
added. This is only useful for special multiple-valued fields
like "Received":
$msg->add("Received" => ["here", "there", "everywhere"]
Giving VALUE as the empty string adds an invisible placeholder to
the header, which can be used to suppress the output of the "Con-
tent-*" fields or the special "MIME-Version" field. When sup-
pressing fields, you should use replace() instead of add():
$msg->replace("Content-disposition" => "");
Note: add() is probably going to be more efficient than
"replace()", so you’re better off using it for most applications
if you are certain that you don’t need to delete() the field
first.
Note: the name comes from Mail::Header.
attr ATTR,[VALUE]
Instance method. Set MIME attribute ATTR to the string VALUE.
ATTR is converted to all-lowercase. This method is normally used
to set/get MIME attributes:
$msg->attr("content-type" => "text/html");
$msg->attr("content-type.charset" => "US-ASCII");
$msg->attr("content-type.name" => "homepage.html");
This would cause the final output to look something like this:
Content-type: text/html; charset=US-ASCII; name="homepage.html"
Note that the special empty sub-field tag indicates the anonymous
first sub-field.
Giving VALUE as undefined will cause the contents of the named
subfield to be deleted.
Supplying no VALUE argument just returns the attribute’s value:
$type = $msg->attr("content-type"); ### returns "text/html"
$name = $msg->attr("content-type.name"); ### returns "homepage.html"
delete TAG
Instance method. Delete field TAG with the given VALUE to the end
of the header. The TAG will be converted to all-lowercase.
$msg->delete("Subject");
Note: the name comes from Mail::Header.
field_order FIELD,...FIELD
Class/instance method. Change the order in which header fields
are output for this object:
$msg->field_order(’from’, ’to’, ’content-type’, ’subject’);
When used as a class method, changes the default settings for all
objects:
MIME::Lite->field_order(’from’, ’to’, ’content-type’, ’subject’);
Case does not matter: all field names will be coerced to lower-
case. In either case, supply the empty array to restore the
default ordering.
fields
Instance method. Return the full header for the object, as a ref
to an array of "[TAG, VALUE]" pairs, where each TAG is all-lower-
case. Note that any fields the user has explicitly set will over-
ride the corresponding MIME fields that we would otherwise gener-
ate. So, don’t say...
$msg->set("Content-type" => "text/html; charset=US-ASCII");
unless you want the above value to override the "Content-type"
MIME field that we would normally generate.
Note: I called this "fields" because the header() method of
Mail::Header returns something different, but similar enough to be
confusing.
You can change the order of the fields: see "field_order". You
really shouldn’t need to do this, but some people have to deal
with broken mailers.
filename [FILENAME]
Instance method. Set the filename which this data will be
reported as. This actually sets both "standard" attributes.
With no argument, returns the filename as dictated by the con-
tent-disposition.
get TAG,[INDEX]
Instance method. Get the contents of field TAG, which might have
been set with set() or replace(). Returns the text of the field.
$ml->get(’Subject’, 0);
If the optional 0-based INDEX is given, then we return the
INDEX’th occurence of field TAG. Otherwise, we look at the con-
text: In a scalar context, only the first (0th) occurence of the
field is returned; in an array context, all occurences are
returned.
Warning: this should only be used with non-MIME fields. Behavior
with MIME fields is TBD, and will raise an exception for now.
get_length
Instance method. Recompute the content length for the message if
the process is trivial, setting the "content-length" attribute as
a side-effect:
$msg->get_length;
Returns the length, or undefined if not set.
Note: the content length can be difficult to compute, since it
involves assembling the entire encoded body and taking the length
of it (which, in the case of multipart messages, means freezing
all the sub-parts, etc.).
This method only sets the content length to a defined value if the
message is a singlepart with "binary" encoding, and the body is
available either in-core or as a simple file. Otherwise, the con-
tent length is set to the undefined value.
Since content-length is not a standard MIME field anyway (that’s
right, kids: it’s not in the MIME RFCs, it’s an HTTP thing), this
seems pretty fair.
parts
Instance method. Return the parts of this entity, and this entity
only. Returns empty array if this entity has no parts.
This is not recursive! Parts can have sub-parts; use parts_DFS()
to get everything.
parts_DFS
Instance method. Return the list of all MIME::Lite objects
included in the entity, starting with the entity itself, in depth-
first-search order. If this object has no parts, it alone will be
returned.
preamble [TEXT]
Instance method. Get/set the preamble string, assuming that this
object has subparts. Set it to undef for the default string.
replace TAG,VALUE
Instance method. Delete all occurences of fields named TAG, and
add a new field with the given VALUE. TAG is converted to
all-lowercase.
Beware the special MIME fields (MIME-version, Content-*): if you
"replace" a MIME field, the replacement text will override the
actual MIME attributes when it comes time to output that field.
So normally you use attr() to change MIME fields and
add()/replace() to change non-MIME fields:
$msg->replace("Subject" => "Hi there!");
Giving VALUE as the empty string will effectively prevent that
field from being output. This is the correct way to suppress the
special MIME fields:
$msg->replace("Content-disposition" => "");
Giving VALUE as undefined will just cause all explicit values for
TAG to be deleted, without having any new values added.
Note: the name of this method comes from Mail::Header.
scrub
Instance method. This is Alpha code. If you use it, please let
me know how it goes. Recursively goes through the "parts" tree of
this message and tries to find MIME attributes that can be
removed. With an array argument, removes exactly those
attributes; e.g.:
$msg->scrub([’content-disposition’, ’content-length’]);
Is the same as recursively doing:
$msg->replace(’Content-disposition’ => ’’);
$msg->replace(’Content-length’ => ’’);
Setting/getting message data
binmode [OVERRIDE]
Instance method. With no argument, returns whether or not it
thinks that the data (as given by the "Path" argument of
"build()") should be read using binmode() (for example, when
"read_now()" is invoked).
The default behavior is that any content type other than "text/*"
or "message/*" is binmode’d; this should in general work fine.
With a defined argument, this method sets an explicit "override"
value. An undefined argument unsets the override. The new cur-
rent value is returned.
data [DATA]
Instance method. Get/set the literal DATA of the message. The
DATA may be either a scalar, or a reference to an array of scalars
(which will simply be joined).
Warning: setting the data causes the "content-length" attribute to
be recomputed (possibly to nothing).
fh [FILEHANDLE]
Instance method. Get/set the FILEHANDLE which contains the mes-
sage data.
Takes a filehandle as an input and stores it in the object. This
routine is similar to path(); one important difference is that no
attempt is made to set the content length.
path [PATH]
Instance method. Get/set the PATH to the message data.
Warning: setting the path recomputes any existing "content-length"
field, and re-sets the "filename" (to the last element of the path
if it looks like a simple path, and to nothing if not).
resetfh [FILEHANDLE]
Instance method. Set the current position of the filehandle back
to the beginning. Only applies if you used "FH" in build() or
attach() for this message.
Returns false if unable to reset the filehandle (since not all
filehandles are seekable).
read_now
Instance method. Forces data from the path/filehandle (as speci-
fied by "build()") to be read into core immediately, just as
though you had given it literally with the "Data" keyword.
Note that the in-core data will always be used if available.
Be aware that everything is slurped into a giant scalar: you may
not want to use this if sending tar files! The benefit of not
reading in the data is that very large files can be handled by
this module if left on disk until the message is output via
"print()" or "print_body()".
sign PARAMHASH
Instance method. Sign the message. This forces the message to be
read into core, after which the signature is appended to it.
Data
As in "build()": the literal signature data. Can be either a
scalar or a ref to an array of scalars.
Path
As in "build()": the path to the file.
If no arguments are given, the default is:
Path => "$ENV{HOME}/.signature"
The content-length is recomputed.
verify_data
Instance method. Verify that all "paths" to attached data exist,
recursively. It might be a good idea for you to do this before a
print(), to prevent accidental partial output if a file might be
missing. Raises exception if any path is not readable.
Output
print [OUTHANDLE]
Instance method. Print the message to the given output handle, or
to the currently-selected filehandle if none was given.
All OUTHANDLE has to be is a filehandle (possibly a glob ref), or
any object that responds to a print() message.
print_body [OUTHANDLE] [IS_SMTP]
Instance method. Print the body of a message to the given output
handle, or to the currently-selected filehandle if none was given.
All OUTHANDLE has to be is a filehandle (possibly a glob ref), or
any object that responds to a print() message.
Fatal exception raised if unable to open any of the input files,
or if a part contains no data, or if an unsupported encoding is
encountered.
IS_SMPT is a special option to handle SMTP mails a little more
intelligently than other send mechanisms may require. Specifically
this ensures that the last byte sent is NOT ’\n’ (octal \012) if
the last two bytes are not ’\r\n’ (\015\012) as this will cause
some SMTP servers to hang.
print_header [OUTHANDLE]
Instance method. Print the header of the message to the given
output handle, or to the currently-selected filehandle if none was
given.
All OUTHANDLE has to be is a filehandle (possibly a glob ref), or
any object that responds to a print() message.
as_string
Instance method. Return the entire message as a string, with a
header and an encoded body.
body_as_string
Instance method. Return the encoded body as a string. This is
the portion after the header and the blank line.
Note: actually prepares the body by "printing" to a scalar. Proof
that you can hand the "print*()" methods any blessed object that
responds to a "print()" message.
header_as_string
Instance method. Return the header as a string.
Sending
send
send HOW, HOWARGS...
Class/instance method. This is the principal method for sending
mail, and for configuring how mail will be sent.
As a class method with a HOW argument and optional HOWARGS, it
sets the default sending mechanism that the no-argument instance
method will use. The HOW is a facility name (see below), and the
HOWARGS is interpreted by the facilty. The class method returns
the previous HOW and HOWARGS as an array.
MIME::Lite->send(’sendmail’, "d:\\programs\\sendmail.exe");
...
$msg = MIME::Lite->new(...);
$msg->send;
As an instance method with arguments (a HOW argument and optional
HOWARGS), sends the message in the requested manner; e.g.:
$msg->send(’sendmail’, "d:\\programs\\sendmail.exe");
As an instance method with no arguments, sends the message by the
default mechanism set up by the class method. Returns whatever
the mail-handling routine returns: this should be true on success,
false/exception on error:
$msg = MIME::Lite->new(From=>...);
$msg->send ││ die "you DON’T have mail!";
On Unix systems (or rather non-Win32 systems), the default setting
is equivalent to:
MIME::Lite->send("sendmail", "/usr/lib/sendmail -t -oi -oem");
On Win32 systems the default setting is equivalent to:
MIME::Lite->send("smtp");
The assumption is that on Win32 your site/lib/Net/libnet.cfg file
will be preconfigured to use the appropriate SMTP server. See
below for configuring for authentication.
There are three facilities:
"sendmail", ARGS...
Send a message by piping it into the "sendmail" command. Uses
the send_by_sendmail() method, giving it the ARGS. This usage
implements (and deprecates) the "sendmail()" method.
"smtp", [HOSTNAME, [NAMEDPARMS] ]
Send a message by SMTP, using optional HOSTNAME as SMTP-send-
ing host. Uses the send_by_smtp() method. Any additional
arguments passed in will also be passed through to
send_by_smtp. This is useful for things like mail servers
requiring authentication where you can say something like the
following
MIME::List->send(’smtp’, $host, AuthUser=>$user, AuthPass=>$pass);
which will configure things so future uses of
$msg->send();
do the right thing.
"sub", \&SUBREF, ARGS...
Sends a message MSG by invoking the subroutine SUBREF of your
choosing, with MSG as the first argument, and ARGS following.
For example: let’s say you’re on an OS which lacks the usual Unix
"sendmail" facility, but you’ve installed something a lot like it,
and you need to configure your Perl script to use this "send-
mail.exe" program. Do this following in your script’s setup:
MIME::Lite->send(’sendmail’, "d:\\programs\\sendmail.exe");
Then, whenever you need to send a message $msg, just say:
$msg->send;
That’s it. Now, if you ever move your script to a Unix box, all
you need to do is change that line in the setup and you’re done.
All of your $msg->send invocations will work as expected.
After sending, the method last_send_successful() can be used to
determine if the send was succesful or not.
send_by_sendmail SENDMAILCMD
send_by_sendmail PARAM=>VALUE, ARRAY, HASH...
Instance method. Send message via an external "sendmail" program
(this will probably only work out-of-the-box on Unix systems).
Returns true on success, false or exception on error.
You can specify the program and all its arguments by giving a sin-
gle string, SENDMAILCMD. Nothing fancy is done; the message is
simply piped in.
However, if your needs are a little more advanced, you can specify
zero or more of the following PARAM/VALUE pairs (or a reference to
hash or array of such arguments as well as any combination
thereof); a Unix-style, taint-safe "sendmail" command will be con-
structed for you:
Sendmail
Full path to the program to use. Default is "/usr/lib/send-
mail".
BaseArgs
Ref to the basic array of arguments we start with. Default is
"["-t", "-oi", "-oem"]".
SetSender
Unless this is explicitly given as false, we attempt to auto-
matically set the "-f" argument to the first address that can
be extracted from the "From:" field of the message (if there
is one).
What is the -f, and why do we use it? Suppose we did not use
"-f", and you gave an explicit "From:" field in your message:
in this case, the sendmail "envelope" would indicate the real
user your process was running under, as a way of preventing
mail forgery. Using the "-f" switch causes the sender to be
set in the envelope as well.
So when would I NOT want to use it? If sendmail doesn’t
regard you as a "trusted" user, it will permit the "-f" but
also add an "X-Authentication-Warning" header to the message
to indicate a forged envelope. To avoid this, you can either
(1) have SetSender be false, or (2) make yourself a trusted
user by adding a "T" configuration
command to your sendmail.cf file
(e.g.: "Teryq" if the script is running as user "eryq").
FromSender
If defined, this is identical to setting SetSender to true,
except that instead of looking at the "From:" field we use the
address given by this option. Thus:
FromSender => ’me@myhost.com’
After sending, the method last_send_successful() can be used to
determine if the send was succesful or not.
send_by_smtp HOST, ARGS...
send_by_smtp REF, HOST, ARGS
Instance method. Send message via SMTP, using Net::SMTP.
HOST is the name of SMTP server to connect to, or undef to have
Net::SMTP use the defaults in Libnet.cfg.
ARGS are a list of key value pairs which may be selected from the
list below. Many of these are just passed through to specific
Net::SMTP commands and you should review that module for details.
Please see Good-vs-bad email addresses with send_by_smtp()
Hello
LocalAddr
LocalPort
Timeout
ExactAddresses
Debug
See Net::SMTP::new() for details.
Size
Return
Bits
Transaction
Envelope
See Net::SMTP::mail() for details.
SkipBad
If true doesnt throw an error when multiple email addresses
are provided and some are not valid. See Net::SMTP::recipi-
ent() for details.
AuthUser
Authenticate with Net::SMTP::auth() using this username.
AuthPass
Authenticate with Net::SMTP::auth() using this password.
NoAuth
Normally if AuthUser and AuthPass are defined MIME::Lite will
attempt to use them with the Net::SMTP::auth() command to
authenticate the connection, however if this value is true
then no authentication occurs.
To Sets the addresses to send to. Can be a string or a reference
to an array of strings. Normally this is extracted from the
To: (and Cc: and Bcc: fields if $AUTO_CC is true).
This value overrides that.
From
Sets the email address to send from. Normally this value is
extracted from the Return-Path: or From: field of the mail
itself (in that order).
This value overides that.
Returns: True on success, croaks with an error message on failure.
After sending, the method last_send_successful() can be used to
determine if the send was succesful or not.
last_send_successful
This method will return TRUE if the last send() or send_by_XXX()
method call was successful. It will return defined but false if it
was not successful, and undefined if the object had not been used
to send yet.
sendmail COMMAND...
Class method, DEPRECATED. Declare the sender to be "sendmail",
and set up the "sendmail" command. You should use send() instead.
Miscellaneous
quiet ONOFF
Class method. Suppress/unsuppress all warnings coming from this
module.
MIME::Lite->quiet(1); ### I know what I’m doing
I recommend that you include that comment as well. And while you
type it, say it out loud: if it doesn’t feel right, then maybe you
should reconsider the whole line. ";-)"
NOTES
How do I prevent "Content" headers from showing up in my mail reader?
Apparently, some people are using mail readers which display the MIME
headers like "Content-disposition", and they want MIME::Lite not to
generate them "because they look ugly".
Sigh.
Y’know, kids, those headers aren’t just there for cosmetic purposes.
They help ensure that the message is understood correctly by mail
readers. But okay, you asked for it, you got it... here’s how you
can suppress the standard MIME headers. Before you send the message,
do this:
$msg->scrub;
You can scrub() any part of a multipart message independently; just be
aware that it works recursively. Before you scrub, note the rules
that I follow:
Content-type
You can safely scrub the "content-type" attribute if, and only if,
the part is of type "text/plain" with charset "us-ascii".
Content-transfer-encoding
You can safely scrub the "content-transfer-encoding" attribute if,
and only if, the part uses "7bit", "8bit", or "binary" encoding.
You are far better off doing this if your lines are under 1000
characters. Generally, that means you can scrub it for plain
text, and you can not scrub this for images, etc.
Content-disposition
You can safely scrub the "content-disposition" attribute if you
trust the mail reader to do the right thing when it decides
whether to show an attachment inline or as a link. Be aware that
scrubbing both the content-disposition and the content-type means
that there is no way to "recommend" a filename for the attachment!
Note: there are reports of brain-dead MUAs out there that do the
wrong thing if you provide the content-disposition. If your
attachments keep showing up inline or vice-versa, try scrubbing
this attribute.
Content-length
You can always scrub "content-length" safely.
How do I give my attachment a [different] recommended filename?
By using the Filename option (which is different from Path!):
$msg->attach(Type => "image/gif",
Path => "/here/is/the/real/file.GIF",
Filename => "logo.gif");
You should not put path information in the Filename.
Benign limitations
This is "lite", after all...
· There’s no parsing. Get MIME-tools if you need to parse MIME mes-
sages.
· MIME::Lite messages are currently not interchangeable with either
Mail::Internet or MIME::Entity objects. This is a completely sep-
arate module.
· A content-length field is only inserted if the encoding is binary,
the message is a singlepart, and all the document data is avail-
able at "build()" time by virtue of residing in a simple path, or
in-core. Since content-length is not a standard MIME field anyway
(that’s right, kids: it’s not in the MIME RFCs, it’s an HTTP
thing), this seems pretty fair.
· MIME::Lite alone cannot help you lose weight. You must supplement
your use of MIME::Lite with a healthy diet and exercise.
Cheap and easy mailing
I thought putting in a default "sendmail" invocation wasn’t too bad an
idea, since a lot of Perlers are on UNIX systems. (As of version 3.02
this is default only on Non-Win32 boxen. On Win32 boxen the default is
to use SMTP and the defaults specified in the site/lib/Net/libnet.cfg)
The out-of-the-box configuration is:
MIME::Lite->send(’sendmail’, "/usr/lib/sendmail -t -oi -oem");
By the way, these arguments to sendmail are:
-t Scan message for To:, Cc:, Bcc:, etc.
-oi Do NOT treat a single "." on a line as a message terminator.
As in, "-oi vey, it truncated my message... why?!"
-oem On error, mail back the message (I assume to the
appropriate address, given in the header).
When mail returns, circle is complete. Jai Guru Deva -oem.
Note that these are the same arguments you get if you configure to use
the smarter, taint-safe mailing:
MIME::Lite->send(’sendmail’);
If you get "X-Authentication-Warning" headers from this, you can forgo
diddling with the envelope by instead specifying:
MIME::Lite->send(’sendmail’, SetSender=>0);
And, if you’re not on a Unix system, or if you’d just rather send mail
some other way, there’s always SMTP, which these days probably
requires authentication so you probably need to say
MIME::Lite->send(’smtp’, "smtp.myisp.net",
AuthUser=>"YourName",AuthPass=>"YourPass" );
Or you can set up your own subroutine to call. In any case, check out
the send() method.
WARNINGS
Good-vs-bad email addresses with send_by_smtp()
If using send_by_smtp(), be aware that unless you explicitly provide
the email addresses to send to and from you will be forcing MIME::Lite
to extract email addresses out of a possible list provided in the
"To:", "Cc:", and "Bcc:" fields. This is tricky stuff, and as such
only the following sorts of addresses will work reliably:
username
full.name@some.host.com
"Name, Full" <full.name@some.host.com>
Disclaimer: MIME::Lite was never intended to be a Mail User Agent, so
please don’t expect a full implementation of RFC-822. Restrict your-
self to the common forms of Internet addresses described herein, and
you should be fine. If this is not feasible, then consider using
MIME::Lite to prepare your message only, and using Net::SMTP explic-
itly to send your message.
Note: As of MIME::Lite v3.02 the mail name extraction routines have
been beefed up considerably. Furthermore if Mail::Address if provided
then name extraction is done using that. Accordingly the above advice
is now less true than it once was. Funky email names should work prop-
erly now. However the disclaimer remains. Patches welcome. :-)
Formatting of headers delayed until print()
This class treats a MIME header in the most abstract sense, as being a
collection of high-level attributes. The actual RFC-822-style header
fields are not constructed until it’s time to actually print the darn
thing.
Encoding of data delayed until print()
When you specify message bodies (in build() or attach()) -- whether by
FH, Data, or Path -- be warned that we don’t attempt to open files,
read filehandles, or encode the data until print() is invoked.
In the past, this created some confusion for users of sendmail who
gave the wrong path to an attachment body, since enough of the print()
would succeed to get the initial part of the message out. Nowadays,
$AUTO_VERIFY is used to spot-check the Paths given before the mail
facility is employed. A whisker slower, but tons safer.
Note that if you give a message body via FH, and try to print() a mes-
sage twice, the second print() will not do the right thing unless you
explicitly rewind the filehandle.
You can get past these difficulties by using the ReadNow option, pro-
vided that you have enough memory to handle your messages.
MIME attributes are separate from header fields!
Important: the MIME attributes are stored and manipulated separately
from the message header fields; when it comes time to print the header
out, any explicitly-given header fields override the ones that would
be created from the MIME attributes. That means that this:
### DANGER ### DANGER ### DANGER ### DANGER ### DANGER ###
$msg->add("Content-type", "text/html; charset=US-ASCII");
will set the exact "Content-type" field in the header I write, regard-
less of what the actual MIME attributes are.
This feature is for experienced users only, as an escape hatch in case
the code that normally formats MIME header fields isn’t doing what you
need. And, like any escape hatch, it’s got an alarm on it: MIME::Lite
will warn you if you attempt to "set()" or "replace()" any MIME header
field. Use "attr()" instead.
Beware of lines consisting of a single dot
Julian Haight noted that MIME::Lite allows you to compose messages
with lines in the body consisting of a single ".". This is true: it
should be completely harmless so long as "sendmail" is used with the
-oi option (see "Cheap and easy mailing").
However, I don’t know if using Net::SMTP to transfer such a message is
equally safe. Feedback is welcomed.
My perspective: I don’t want to magically diddle with a user’s message
unless absolutely positively necessary. Some users may want to send
files with "." alone on a line; my well-meaning tinkering could seri-
ously harm them.
Infinite loops may mean tainted data!
Stefan Sautter noticed a bug in 2.106 where a m//gc match was failing
due to tainted data, leading to an infinite loop inside MIME::Lite.
I am attempting to correct for this, but be advised that my fix will
silently untaint the data (given the context in which the problem
occurs, this should be benign: I’ve labelled the source code with
UNTAINT comments for the curious).
So: don’t depend on taint-checking to save you from outputting tainted
data in a message.
Don’t tweak the global configuration
Global configuration variables are bad, and should go away. Until
they do, please follow the hints with each setting on how not to
change it.
A MIME PRIMER
Content types
The "Type" parameter of "build()" is a content type. This is the
actual type of data you are sending. Generally this is a string of
the form "majortype/minortype".
Here are the major MIME types. A more-comprehensive listing may be
found in RFC-2046.
application
Data which does not fit in any of the other categories, particu-
larly data to be processed by some type of application program.
"application/octet-stream", "application/gzip", "applica-
tion/postscript"...
audio
Audio data. "audio/basic"...
image
Graphics data. "image/gif", "image/jpeg"...
message
A message, usually another mail or MIME message. "mes-
sage/rfc822"...
multipart
A message containing other messages. "multipart/mixed", "multi-
part/alternative"...
text
Textual data, meant for humans to read. "text/plain",
"text/html"...
video
Video or video+audio data. "video/mpeg"...
Content transfer encodings
The "Encoding" parameter of "build()". This is how the message body
is packaged up for safe transit.
Here are the 5 major MIME encodings. A more-comprehensive listing may
be found in RFC-2045.
7bit
Basically, no real encoding is done. However, this label guaran-
tees that no 8-bit characters are present, and that lines do not
exceed 1000 characters in length.
8bit
Basically, no real encoding is done. The message might contain
8-bit characters, but this encoding guarantees that lines do not
exceed 1000 characters in length.
binary
No encoding is done at all. Message might contain 8-bit charac-
ters, and lines might be longer than 1000 characters long.
The most liberal, and the least likely to get through mail gate-
ways. Use sparingly, or (better yet) not at all.
base64
Like "uuencode", but very well-defined. This is how you should
send essentially binary information (tar files, GIFs, JPEGs,
etc.).
quoted-printable
Useful for encoding messages which are textual in nature, yet
which contain non-ASCII characters (e.g., Latin-1, Latin-2, or any
other 8-bit alphabet).
HELPER MODULES
MIME::Lite works nicely with other certain other modules if they are
present. Good to have installed is the latest MIME::Types,
Mail::Address, MIME::Base64, MIME::QuotedPrint.
If they aren’t present then some functionality won’t work, and other
features wont be as efficient or up to date as they could be. Never-
theless they are optional extras.
BUNDLED GOODIES
MIME::Lite comes with a number of extra files in the distribution bun-
dle. This includes examples, and utility modules that you can use to
get yourself started with the module.
The ./examples directory contains a number of snippets in prepared
form, generally they are documented, but they should be easy to under-
stand.
The ./contrib directory contains a companion/tool modules that come
bundled with MIME::Lite, they dont get installed by default. Please
review the POD they come with.
BUGS
The whole reason that version 3.0 was released was to ensure that
MIME::Lite is up to date and patched. If you find an issue please
report it.
As far as I know MIME::Lite doesnt currently have any serious bugs,
but my usage is hardly comprehensive.
Having said that there are a number of open issues for me, mostly
caused by the progress in the community as whole since Eryq last
released. The tests are based around an interesting but non standard
test framework. I’d like to change it over to using Test::More.
Should tests fail please review the ./testout directory, and in any
bug reports please include the output of the relevent file. This is
the only redeeming feature of not using Test::More that I can see.
Bug fixes / Patches / Contribution are welcome, however I probably
won’t apply them unless they also have an associated test. This means
that if I dont have the time to write the test the patch wont get
applied, so please, include tests for any patches you provide.
VERSION
Version: 3.01_06 (Dev Test Release)
CHANGE LOG
Moved to ./changes.pod
NOTE: Users of the "advanced features" of 3.01_0x smtp sending should
take care: These features have been REMOVED as they never really fit
the purpose of the module. Redundant SMTP delivery is a task that
should be handled by another module.
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
Copyright (c) 1997 by Eryq.
Copyright (c) 1998 by ZeeGee Software Inc.
Copyright (c) 2003,2005 Yves Orton. (demerphq)
All rights reserved. This program is free software; you can redis-
tribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
This software comes with NO WARRANTY of any kind. See the COPYING
file in the distribution for details.
NUTRITIONAL INFORMATION
For some reason, the US FDA says that this is now required by law on
any products that bear the name "Lite"...
Version 3.0 is now new and improved! The distribution is now 30%
smaller!
MIME::Lite │
------------------------------------------------------------
Serving size: │ 1 module
Servings per container: │ 1
Calories: │ 0
Fat: │ 0g
Saturated Fat: │ 0g
Warning: for consumption by hardware only! May produce indigestion in
humans if taken internally.
AUTHOR
Eryq (eryq@zeegee.com). President, ZeeGee Software Inc.
(http://www.zeegee.com).
Go to http://www.cpan.org for the latest downloads and on-line docu-
mentation for this module. Enjoy.
Patches And Maintenance by Yves Orton and many others. Consult
./changes.pod
perl v5.8.8 2009-01-16 MIME::Lite(3)
