ctags
CTAGS(1) Exuberant Ctags CTAGS(1)
NAME
ctags - Generate tag files for source code
SYNOPSIS
ctags [options] [file(s)]
etags [options] [file(s)]
DESCRIPTION
The ctags and etags programs (hereinafter collectively referred to as
ctags, except where distinguished) generate an index (or "tag") file
for a variety of language objects found in file(s). This tag file
allows these items to be quickly and easily located by a text editor
or other utility. A "tag" signifies a language object for which an
index entry is available (or, alternatively, the index entry created
for that object).
Alternatively, ctags can generate a cross reference file which lists,
in human readable form, information about the various source objects
found in a set of language files.
Tag index files are supported by numerous editors, which allow the
user to locate the object associated with a name appearing in a source
file and jump to the file and line which defines the name. Those known
about at the time of this release are:
Vi(1) and its derivatives (e.g. Elvis, Vim, Vile, Lemmy), CRiSP,
Emacs, FTE (Folding Text Editor), JED, jEdit, Mined, NEdit (Nir-
vana Edit), TSE (The SemWare Editor), UltraEdit, WorkSpace, X2,
Zeus
Ctags is capable of generating different kinds of tags for each of
many different languages. For a complete list of supported languages,
the names by which they are recognized, and the kinds of tags which
are generated for each, see the --list-languages and --list-kinds
options.
SOURCE FILES
Unless the --language-force option is specified, the language of each
source file is automatically selected based upon a mapping of file
names to languages. The mappings in effect for each language may be
display using the --list-maps option and may be changed using the
--langmap option. On platforms which support it, if the name of a
file is not mapped to a language and the file is executable, the first
line of the file is checked to see if the file is a "#!" script for a
recognized language.
By default, all other files names are ignored. This permits running
ctags on all files in either a single directory (e.g. "ctags *"), or
on all files in an entire source directory tree (e.g. "ctags -R"),
since only those files whose names are mapped to languages will be
scanned.
[The reason that .h extensions are mapped to C++ files rather than C
files is because it is common to use .h extensions in C++, and no harm
results in treating them as C++ files.]
OPTIONS
Despite the wealth of available options, defaults are set so that
ctags is most commonly executed without any options (e.g. "ctags *",
or "ctags -R"), which will create a tag file in the current directory
for all recognized source files. The options described below are pro-
vided merely to allow custom tailoring to meet special needs.
Note that spaces separating the single-letter options from their
parameters are optional.
Note also that the boolean parameters to the long form options (those
beginning with "--" and that take a "[=yes|no]" parameter) may be
omitted, in which case "=yes" is implied. (e.g. --sort is equivalent
to --sort=yes). Note further that "=1" and "=on" are considered syn-
onyms for "=yes", and that "=0" and "=off" are considered synonyms for
"=no".
Some options are either ignored or useful only when used while running
in etags mode (see -e option). Such options will be noted.
Most options may appear anywhere on the command line, affecting only
those files which follow the option. A few options, however, must
appear before the first file name and will be noted as such.
Options taking language names will accept those names in either upper
or lower case. See the --list-languages option for a complete list of
the built-in language names.
-a Equivalent to --append.
-B Use backward searching patterns (e.g. ?pattern?). [Ignored in
etags mode]
-e Enable etags mode, which will create a tag file for use with the
Emacs editor. Alternatively, if ctags is invoked by a name con-
taining the string "etags" (either by renaming, or creating a
link to, the executable), etags mode will be enabled. This option
must appear before the first file name.
-f tagfile
Use the name specified by tagfile for the tag file (default is
"tags", or "TAGS" when running in etags mode). If tagfile is
specified as "-", then the tag file is written to standard output
instead. Ctags will stubbornly refuse to take orders if tagfile
exists and its first line contains something other than a valid
tags line. This will save your neck if you mistakenly type "ctags
-f *.c", which would otherwise overwrite your first C file with
the tags generated by the rest! It will also refuse to accept a
multi character file name which begins with a ’-’ (dash) charac-
ter, since this most likely means that you left out the tag file
name and this option tried to grab the next option as the file
name. If you really want to name your output tag file "-ugly",
specify it as "./-ugly". This option must appear before the first
file name. If this option is specified more than once, only the
last will apply.
-F Use forward searching patterns (e.g. /pattern/) (default).
[Ignored in etags mode]
-h list
Specifies a list of file extensions, separated by periods, which
are to be interpreted as include (or header) files. To indicate
files having no extension, use a period not followed by a non-
period character (e.g. ".", "..x", ".x."). This option only
affects how the scoping of a particular kinds of tags is inter-
preted (i.e. whether or not they are considered as globally visi-
ble or visible only within the file in which they are defined);
it does not map the extension to any particular language. Any tag
which is located in a non-include file and cannot be seen (e.g.
linked to) from another file is considered to have file-limited
(e.g. static) scope. No kind of tag appearing in an include file
will be considered to have file-limited scope. If the first char-
acter in the list is a plus sign, then the extensions in the list
will be appended to the current list; otherwise, the list will
replace the current list. See, also, the --file-scope option. The
default list is ".h.H.hh.hpp.hxx.h++.inc.def". To restore the
default list, specify -h default. Note that if an extension sup-
plied to this option is not already mapped to a particular lan-
guage (see SOURCE FILES, above), you will also need to use either
the --langmap or --language-force option.
-I identifier-list
Specifies a list of identifiers which are to be specially handled
while parsing C and C++ source files. This option is specifically
provided to handle special cases arising through the use of pre-
processor macros. When the identifiers listed are simple identi-
fiers, these identifiers will be ignored during parsing of the
source files. If an identifier is suffixed with a ’+’ character,
ctags will also ignore any parenthesis-enclosed argument list
which may immediately follow the identifier in the source files.
If two identifiers are separated with the ’=’ character, the
first identifiers is replaced by the second identifiers for pars-
ing purposes. The list of identifiers may be supplied directly on
the command line or read in from a separate file. If the first
character of identifier-list is ’@’, ’.’ or a pathname separator
(’/’ or ’\’), or the first two characters specify a drive letter
(e.g. "C:"), the parameter identifier-list will be interpreted as
a filename from which to read a list of identifiers, one per
input line. Otherwise, identifier-list is a list of identifiers
(or identifier pairs) to be specially handled, each delimited by
a either a comma or by white space (in which case the list should
be quoted to keep the entire list as one command line argument).
Multiple -I options may be supplied. To clear the list of ignore
identifiers, supply a single dash ("-") for identifier-list.
This feature is useful when preprocessor macros are used in such
a way that they cause syntactic confusion due to their presence.
Indeed, this is the best way of working around a number of prob-
lems caused by the presence of syntax-busting macros in source
files (see CAVEATS, below). Some examples will illustrate this
point.
int foo ARGDECL4(void *, ptr, long int, nbytes)
In the above example, the macro "ARGDECL4" would be mistakenly
interpreted to be the name of the function instead of the correct
name of "foo". Specifying -I ARGDECL4 results in the correct
behavior.
/* creates an RCS version string in module */
MODULE_VERSION("$Revision: 1.38 $")
In the above example the macro invocation looks too much like a
function definition because it is not followed by a semicolon
(indeed, it could even be followed by a global variable defini-
tion that would look much like a K&R style function parameter
declaration). In fact, this seeming function definition could
possibly even cause the rest of the file to be skipped over while
trying to complete the definition. Specifying -I MODULE_VERSION+
would avoid such a problem.
CLASS Example {
// your content here
};
The example above uses "CLASS" as a preprocessor macro which
expands to something different for each platform. For instance
CLASS may be defined as "class __declspec(dllexport)" on Win32
platforms and simply "class" on UNIX. Normally, the absence of
the C++ keyword "class" would cause the source file to be incor-
rectly parsed. Correct behavior can be restored by specifying -I
CLASS=class.
-L file
Read from file a list of file names for which tags should be gen-
erated. If file is specified as "-", then file names are read
from standard input. File names read using this option are pro-
cessed following file names appearing on the command line.
Options all also accepted in this input. If this option is speci-
fied more than once, only the last will apply. Note: file is read
in line-oriented mode, where a new line is the only delimiter and
spaces are considered significant, in order that file names con-
taining spaces may be supplied; this can affect how options are
parsed if included in the input.
-n Equivalent to --excmd=number.
-N Equivalent to --excmd=pattern.
-o tagfile
Equivalent to -f tagfile.
-R Equivalent to --recurse.
-u Equivalent to --sort=no (i.e. "unsorted").
-V Equivalent to --verbose.
-w This option is silently ignored for backward-compatibility with
the ctags of SVR4 Unix.
-x Print a tabular, human-readable cross reference (xref) file to
standard output instead of generating a tag file. The information
contained in the output includes: the tag name; the kind of tag;
the line number, file name, and source line (with extra white
space condensed) of the file which defines the tag. No tag file
is written and all options affecting tag file output will be
ignored. Example applications for this feature are generating a
listing of all functions located in a source file (e.g. ctags -x
--c-kinds=f file), or generating a list of all externally visible
global variables located in a source file (e.g. ctags -x --c-
kinds=v --file-scope=no file). This option must appear before the
first file name.
--append[=yes|no]
Indicates whether tags generated from the specified files should
be appended to those already present in the tag file or should
replace them. This option is off by default. This option must
appear before the first file name.
--etags-include=file
Include a reference to file in the tag file. This option may be
specified as many times as desired. This supports Emacs’ capabil-
ity to use a tag file which "includes" other tag files. [Avail-
able only in etags mode]
--exclude=[pattern]
Add pattern to a list of excluded files and directories. This
option may be specified as many times as desired. For each file
name considered by ctags, each pattern specified using this
option will be compared against both the complete path (e.g.
some/path/base.ext) and the base name (e.g. base.ext) of the
file, thus allowing patterns which match a given file name irre-
spective of its path, or match only a specific path. If appropri-
ate support is available from the runtime library of your C com-
piler, then pattern may contain the usual shell wildcards (not
regular expressions) common on Unix (be sure to quote the option
parameter to protect the wildcards from being expanded by the
shell before being passed to ctags; also be aware that wildcards
can match the slash character, ’/’). You can determine if shell
wildcards are available on your platform by examining the output
of the --version option, which will include "+wildcards" in the
compiled feature list; otherwise, pattern is matched against file
names using a simple textual comparison.
If pattern begins with the character ’@’, then the rest of the
string is interpreted as a file name from which to read exclusion
patterns, one per line. If pattern is empty, the list of excluded
patterns is cleared. Note that at program startup, the default
exclude list contains "EIFGEN", "SCCS", "RCS", and "CVS", which
are names of directories for which it is generally not desirable
to descend while processing the --recurse option.
--excmd=type
Determines the type of EX command used to locate tags in the
source file. [Ignored in etags mode]
The valid values for type (either the entire word or the first
letter is accepted) are:
number Use only line numbers in the tag file for locating tags.
This has four advantages:
1. Significantly reduces the size of the resulting tag
file.
2. Eliminates failures to find tags because the line
defining the tag has changed, causing the pattern
match to fail (note that some editors, such as vim,
are able to recover in many such instances).
3. Eliminates finding identical matching, but incor-
rect, source lines (see BUGS, below).
4. Retains separate entries in the tag file for lines
which are identical in content. In pattern mode,
duplicate entries are dropped because the search
patterns they generate are identical, making the
duplicate entries useless.
However, this option has one significant drawback:
changes to the source files can cause the line numbers
recorded in the tag file to no longer correspond to the
lines in the source file, causing jumps to some tags to
miss the target definition by one or more lines. Basi-
cally, this option is best used when the source code to
which it is applied is not subject to change. Selecting
this option type causes the following options to be
ignored: -BF.
pattern Use only search patterns for all tags, rather than the
line numbers usually used for macro definitions. This
has the advantage of not referencing obsolete line num-
bers when lines have been added or removed since the tag
file was generated.
mixed In this mode, patterns are generally used with a few
exceptions. For C, line numbers are used for macro defi-
nition tags. This was the default format generated by
the original ctags and is, therefore, retained as the
default for this option. For Fortran, line numbers are
used for common blocks because their corresponding
source lines are generally identical, making pattern
searches useless for finding all matches.
--extra=[+|-]flags
Specifies whether to include extra tag entries for certain kinds
of information. The parameter flags is a set of one-letter flags,
each representing one kind of extra tag entry to include in the
tag file. If flags is preceded by by either the ’+’ or ’-’ char-
acter, the effect of each flag is added to, or removed from,
those currently enabled; otherwise the flags replace any current
settings. The meaning of each flag is as follows:
f Include an entry for the base file name of every source
file (e.g. "example.c"), which addresses the first line
of the file.
q Include an extra class-qualified tag entry for each tag
which is a member of a class (for languages for which this
information is extracted; currently C++, Eiffel, and
Java). The actual form of the qualified tag depends upon
the language from which the tag was derived (using a form
that is most natural for how qualified calls are specified
in the language). For C++, it is in the form "class::mem-
ber"; for Eiffel and Java, it is in the form "class.mem-
ber". This may allow easier location of a specific tags
when multiple occurrences of a tag name occur in the tag
file. Note, however, that this could potentially more than
double the size of the tag file.
--fields=[+|-]flags
Specifies the available extension fields which are to be included
in the entries of the tag file (see TAG FILE FORMAT, below, for
more information). The parameter flags is a set of one-letter
flags, each representing one type of extension field to include,
with the following meanings (disabled by default unless indi-
cated):
a Access (or export) of class members
f File-restricted scoping [enabled]
i Inheritance information
k Kind of tag as a single letter [enabled]
K Kind of tag as full name
l Language of source file containing tag
m Implementation information
n Line number of tag definition
s Scope of tag definition [enabled]
S Signature of routine (e.g. prototype or parameter list)
z Include the "kind:" key in kind field
Each letter or group of letters may be preceded by either ’+’ to
add it to the default set, or ’-’ to exclude it. In the absence
of any preceding ’+’ or ’-’ sign, only those kinds explicitly
listed in flags will be included in the output (i.e. overriding
the default set). This option is ignored if the option --format=1
has been specified. The default value of this options is fks.
--file-scope[=yes|no]
Indicates whether tags scoped only for a single file (i.e. tags
which cannot be seen outside of the file in which they are
defined, such as "static" tags) should be included in the output.
See, also, the -h option. This option is enabled by default.
--filter[=yes|no]
Causes ctags to behave as a filter, reading source file names
from standard input and printing their tags to standard output on
a file-by-file basis. If --sorted is enabled, tags are sorted
only within the source file in which they are defined. File names
are read from standard output in line-oriented input mode (see
note for -L option) and only after file names listed on the com-
mand line or from any file supplied using the -L option. When
this option is enabled, the options -f, -o, and --totals are
ignored. This option is quite esoteric and is disabled by
default. This option must appear before the first file name.
--filter-terminator=string
Specifies a string to print to standard output following the tags
for each file name parsed when the --filter option is enabled.
This may permit an application reading the output of ctags to
determine when the output for each file is finished. Note that if
the file name read is a directory and --recurse is enabled, this
string will be printed only one once at the end of all tags found
for by descending the directory. This string will always be sepa-
rated from the last tag line for the file by its terminating new-
line. This option is quite esoteric and is empty by default.
This option must appear before the first file name.
--format=level
Change the format of the output tag file. Currently the only
valid values for level are 1 or 2. Level 1 specifies the original
tag file format and level 2 specifies a new extended format con-
taining extension fields (but in a manner which retains backward-
compatibility with original vi(1) implementations). The default
level is 2. This option must appear before the first file name.
[Ignored in etags mode]
--help
Prints to standard output a detailed usage description, and then
exits.
--if0[=yes|no]
Indicates a preference as to whether code within an "#if 0"
branch of a preprocessor conditional should be examined for non-
macro tags (macro tags are always included). Because the intent
of this construct is to disable code, the default value of this
options is no. Note that this indicates a preference only and
does not guarantee skipping code within an "#if 0" branch, since
the fall-back algorithm used to generate tags when preprocessor
conditionals are too complex follows all branches of a condi-
tional. This option is disabled by default.
--<LANG>-kinds=[+|-]kinds
Specifies a list of language-specific kinds of tags (or kinds) to
include in the output file for a particular language, where
<LANG> is case-insensitive and is one of the built-in language
names (see the --list-languages option for a complete list). The
parameter kinds is a group of one-letter flags designating kinds
of tags (particular to the language) to either include or exclude
from the output. The specific sets of flags recognized for each
language, their meanings and defaults may be list using the
--list-kinds option. Each letter or group of letters may be pre-
ceded by either ’+’ to add it to, or ’-’ to remove it from, the
default set. In the absence of any preceding ’+’ or ’-’ sign,
only those kinds explicitly listed in kinds will be included in
the output (i.e. overriding the default for the specified lan-
guage).
As an example for the C language, in order to add prototypes and
external variable declarations to the default set of tag kinds,
but exclude macros, use --c-kinds=+px-d; to include only tags for
functions, use --c-kinds=f.
--langdef=name
Defines a new user-defined language, name, to be parsed with reg-
ular expressions. Once defined, name may be used in other options
taking language names. The typical use of this option is to first
define the language, then map file names to it using --langmap,
then specify regular expressions using --regex-<LANG> to define
how its tags are found.
--langmap=map[,map[...]]
Controls how file names are mapped to languages (see the --list-
maps option). Each comma-separated map consists of the language
name (either a built-in or user-defined language), a colon, and a
list of file extensions and/or file name patterns. A file exten-
sion is specified by preceding the extension with a period (e.g.
".c"). A file name pattern is specified by enclosing the pattern
in parentheses (e.g. "([Mm]akefile)"). If appropriate support is
available from the runtime library of your C compiler, then the
file name pattern may contain the usual shell wildcards common on
Unix (be sure to quote the option parameter to protect the
wildcards from being expanded by the shell before being passed to
ctags). You can determine if shell wildcards are available on
your platform by examining the output of the --version option,
which will include "+wildcards" in the compiled feature list;
otherwise, the file name patterns are matched against file names
using a simple textual comparison.
If the first character in a map is a plus sign, then the exten-
sions and file name patterns in that map will be appended to the
current map for that language; otherwise, the map will replace
the current map. For example, to specify that only files with
extensions of .c and .x are to be treated as C language files,
use "--langmap=c:.c.x"; to also add files with extensions of .j
as Java language files, specify "--langmap=c:.c.x,java:+.j". To
map makefiles (.e.g files named either "Makefile", "makefile", or
having the extension ".mak") to a language called "make", specify
"--langmap=make:([Mm]akefile).mak". To map files having no
extension, specify a period not followed by a non-period charac-
ter (e.g. ".", "..x", ".x."). To clear the mapping for a particu-
lar language (thus inhibiting automatic generation of tags for
that language), specify an empty extension list (e.g.
"--langmap=fortran:"). To restore the default language mappings
for all a particular language, supply the keyword "default" for
the mapping. To specify restore the default language mappings
for all languages, specify "--langmap=default". Note that file
extensions are tested before file name patterns when inferring
the language of a file.
--language-force=language
By default, ctags automatically selects the language of a source
file, ignoring those files whose language cannot be determined
(see SOURCE FILES, above). This option forces the specified lan-
guage (case-insensitive; either built-in or user-defined) to be
used for every supplied file instead of automatically selecting
the language based upon its extension. In addition, the special
value auto indicates that the language should be automatically
selected (which effectively disables this option).
--languages=[+|-]list
Specifies the languages for which tag generation is enabled, with
list containing a comma-separated list of language names (case-
insensitive; either built-in or user-defined). If the first lan-
guage of list is not preceded by either a ’+’ or ’-’, the current
list will be cleared before adding or removing the languages in
list. Until a ’-’ is encountered, each language in the list will
be added to the current list. As either the ’+’ or removed from
the current list, respectively. Thus, it becomes simple to
replace the current list with a new one, or to add or remove lan-
guages from the current list. The actual list of files for which
tags will be generated depends upon the language extension map-
ping in effect (see the --langmap option). Note that all lan-
guages, including user-defined languages are enabled unless
explicitly disabled using this option. Language names included in
list may be any built-in language or one previously defined with
--langdef. The default is "all", which is also accepted as a
valid argument. See the --list-languages option for a complete
list of the built-in language names.
--license
Prints a summary of the software license to standard output, and
then exits.
--line-directives[=yes|no]
Specifies whether "#line" directives should be recognized. These
are present in the output of preprocessors and contain the line
number, and possibly the file name, of the original source
file(s) from which the preprocessor output file was generated.
When enabled, this option will cause ctags to generate tag
entries marked with the file names and line numbers of their
locations original source file(s), instead of their actual loca-
tions in the preprocessor output. The actual file names placed
into the tag file will have the same leading path components as
the preprocessor output file, since it is assumed that the origi-
nal source files are located relative to the preprocessor output
file (unless, of course, the #line directive specifies an abso-
lute path). This option is off by default. Note: This option is
generally only useful when used together with the --excmd=number
(-n) option. Also, you may have to use either the --langmap or
--language-force option if the extension of the preprocessor out-
put file is not known to ctags.
--links[=yes|no]
Indicates whether symbolic links (if supported) should be fol-
lowed. When disabled, symbolic links are ignored. This option is
on by default.
--list-kinds[=language|all]
Lists the tag kinds recognized for either the specified language
or all languages, and then exits. Each kind of tag recorded in
the tag file is represented by a one-letter flag, which is also
used to filter the tags placed into the output through use of the
--<LANG>-kinds option. Note that some languages and/or tag kinds
may be implemented using regular expressions and may not be
available if regex support is not compiled into ctags (see the
--regex-<LANG> option). Each kind listed is enabled unless fol-
lowed by "[off]".
--list-maps[=language|all]
Lists the file extensions and file name patterns which associate
a file name with a language for either the specified language or
all languages, and then exits. See the --langmap option, and
SOURCE FILES, above.
--list-languages
Lists the names of the languages understood by ctags, and then
exits. These language names are case insensitive and may be used
in the --language-force, --languages, --<LANG>-kinds, and
--regex-<LANG> options.
--options=file
Read additional options from file. As a special case, if
--options=NONE is specified as the first option on the command
line, it will disable the automatic reading of any configuration
options from either a file or the environment (see FILES).
--recurse[=yes|no]
Recurse into directories encountered in the list of supplied
files. If the list of supplied files is empty and no file list is
specified with the -L option, then the current directory (i.e.
".") is assumed. Symbolic links are followed. If you don’t like
these behaviors, either explicitly specify the files or pipe the
output of find(1) into ctags -L- instead. Note: This option is
not supported on all platforms at present. It is available if
the output of the --help option includes this option. See, also,
the --exclude to limit recursion.
--regex-<LANG>=/regexp/replacement/[kind-spec/][flags]
The /regexp/replacement/ pair define a regular expression
replacement pattern, similar in style to sed substitution com-
mands, with which to generate tags from source files mapped to
the named language, <LANG>, (case-insensitive; either a built-in
or user-defined language). The regular expression, regexp,
defines an extended regular expression (roughly that used by
egrep(1)), which is used to locate a single source line contain-
ing a tag and may specify tab characters using \t. When a match-
ing line is found, a tag will be generated for the name defined
by replacement, which generally will contain the special back-
references \1 through \9 to refer to matching sub-expression
groups within regexp. The ’/’ separator characters shown in the
parameter to the option can actually be replaced by any charac-
ter. Note that whichever separator character is used will have to
be escaped with a backslash (’\’) character wherever it is used
in the parameter as something other than a separator. The regular
expression defined by this option is added to the current list of
regular expressions for the specified language unless the parame-
ter is omitted, in which case the current list is cleared.
Unless modified by flags, regexp is interpreted as a Posix
extended regular expression. The replacement should expand for
all matching lines to a non-empty string of characters, or a
warning message will be reported. An optional kind specifier for
tags matching regexp may follow replacement, which will determine
what kind of tag is reported in the "kind" extension field (see
TAG FILE FORMAT, below). The full form of kind-spec is in the
form of a single letter, a comma, a name (without spaces), a
comma, a description, followed by a separator, which specify the
short and long forms of the kind value and its textual descrip-
tion (displayed using --list-kinds). Either the kind name and/or
the description may be omitted. If kind-spec is omitted, it
defaults to "r,regex". Finally, flags are one or more single-let-
ter characters having the following effect upon the interpreta-
tion of regexp:
b The pattern is interpreted as a Posix basic regular
expression.
e The pattern is interpreted as a Posix extended regular
expression (default).
i The regular expression is to be applied in a case-insensi-
tive manner.
Note that this option is available only if ctags was compiled
with support for regular expressions, which depends upon your
platform. You can determine if support for regular expressions is
compiled in by examining the output of the --version option,
which will include "+regex" in the compiled feature list.
For more information on the regular expressions used by ctags,
see either the regex(5,7) man page, or the GNU info documentation
for regex (e.g. "info regex").
--sort[=yes|no|foldcase]
Indicates whether the tag file should be sorted on the tag name
(default is yes). Note that the original vi(1) required sorted
tags. The foldcase value specifies case insensitive (or case-
folded) sorting. Fast binary searches of tag files sorted with
case-folding will require special support from tools using tag
files, such as that found in the ctags readtags library, or Vim
version 6.2 or higher (using "set ignorecase"). This option must
appear before the first file name. [Ignored in etags mode]
--tag-relative[=yes|no]
Indicates that the file paths recorded in the tag file should be
relative to the directory containing the tag file, rather than
relative to the current directory, unless the files supplied on
the command line are specified with absolute paths. This option
must appear before the first file name. The default is yes when
running in etags mode (see the -e option), no otherwise.
--totals[=yes|no]
Prints statistics about the source files read and the tag file
written during the current invocation of ctags. This option is
off by default. This option must appear before the first file
name.
--verbose[=yes|no]
Enable verbose mode. This prints out information on option pro-
cessing and a brief message describing what action is being taken
for each file considered by ctags. Normally, ctags does not read
command line arguments until after options are read from the con-
figuration files (see FILES, below) and the CTAGS environment
variable. However, if this option is the first argument on the
command line, it will take effect before any options are read
from these sources. The default is no.
--version
Prints a version identifier for ctags to standard output, and
then exits. This is guaranteed to always contain the string "Exu-
berant Ctags".
OPERATIONAL DETAILS
As ctags considers each file name in turn, it tries to determine the
language of the file by applying the following three tests in order:
if the file extension has been mapped to a language, if the file name
matches a shell pattern mapped to a language, and finally if the file
is executable and its first line specifies an interpreter using the
Unix-style "#!" specification (if supported on the platform). If a
language was identified, the file is opened and then the appropriate
language parser is called to operate on the currently open file. The
parser parses through the file and adds an entry to the tag file for
each language object it is written to handle. See TAG FILE FORMAT,
below, for details on these entries.
This implementation of ctags imposes no formatting requirements on C
code as do legacy implementations. Older implementations of ctags
tended to rely upon certain formatting assumptions in order to help it
resolve coding dilemmas caused by preprocessor conditionals.
In general, ctags tries to be smart about conditional preprocessor
directives. If a preprocessor conditional is encountered within a
statement which defines a tag, ctags follows only the first branch of
that conditional (except in the special case of "#if 0", in which case
it follows only the last branch). The reason for this is that failing
to pursue only one branch can result in ambiguous syntax, as in the
following example:
#ifdef TWO_ALTERNATIVES
struct {
#else
union {
#endif
short a;
long b;
}
Both branches cannot be followed, or braces become unbalanced and
ctags would be unable to make sense of the syntax.
If the application of this heuristic fails to properly parse a file,
generally due to complicated and inconsistent pairing within the con-
ditionals, ctags will retry the file using a different heuristic which
does not selectively follow conditional preprocessor branches, but
instead falls back to relying upon a closing brace ("}") in column 1
as indicating the end of a block once any brace imbalance results from
following a #if conditional branch.
Ctags will also try to specially handle arguments lists enclosed in
double sets of parentheses in order to accept the following condi-
tional construct:
extern void foo __ARGS((int one, char two));
Any name immediately preceding the "((" will be automatically ignored
and the previous name will be used.
C++ operator definitions are specially handled. In order for consis-
tency with all types of operators (overloaded and conversion), the
operator name in the tag file will always be preceded by the string
"operator " (i.e. even if the actual operator definition was written
as "operator<<").
After creating or appending to the tag file, it is sorted by the tag
name, removing identical tag lines.
TAG FILE FORMAT
When not running in etags mode, each entry in the tag file consists of
a separate line, each looking like this in the most general case:
tag_name<TAB>file_name<TAB>ex_cmd;"<TAB>extension_fields
The fields and separators of these lines are specified as follows:
1. tag name
2. single tab character
3. name of the file in which the object associated with the tag
is located
4. single tab character
5. EX command used to locate the tag within the file; generally a
search pattern (either /pattern/ or ?pattern?) or line number
(see --excmd). Tag file format 2 (see --format) extends this
EX command under certain circumstances to include a set of
extension fields (described below) embedded in an EX comment
immediately appended to the EX command, which leaves it back-
ward-compatible with original vi(1) implementations.
A few special tags are written into the tag file for internal pur-
poses. These tags are composed in such a way that they always sort to
the top of the file. Therefore, the first two characters of these
tags are used a magic number to detect a tag file for purposes of
determining whether a valid tag file is being overwritten rather than
a source file.
Note that the name of each source file will be recorded in the tag
file exactly as it appears on the command line. Therefore, if the path
you specified on the command line was relative to the current direc-
tory, then it will be recorded in that same manner in the tag file.
See, however, the --tag-relative option for how this behavior can be
modified.
Extension fields are tab-separated key-value pairs appended to the end
of the EX command as a comment, as described above. These key value
pairs appear in the general form "key:value". Their presence in the
lines of the tag file are controlled by the --fields option. The pos-
sible keys and the meaning of their values are as follows:
access Indicates the visibility of this class member, where value
is specific to the language.
file Indicates that the tag has file-limited visibility. This
key has no corresponding value.
kind Indicates the type, or kind, of tag. Its value is either
one of the corresponding one-letter flags described under
the various --<LANG>-kinds options above, or a full name.
It is permitted (and is, in fact, the default) for the key
portion of this field to be omitted. The optional behav-
iors are controlled with the --fields option.
implementation
When present, this indicates a limited implementation
(abstract vs. concrete) of a routine or class, where value
is specific to the language ("virtual" or "pure virtual"
for C++; "abstract" for Java).
inherits When present, value. is a comma-separated list of classes
from which this class is derived (i.e. inherits from).
signature When present, value. is a language-dependent representa-
tion of the signature of a routine. A routine signature in
its complete form specifies the return type of a routine
and its formal argument list. This extension field is
presently supported only for C-based languages and does
not include the return type.
In addition, information on the scope of the tag definition may be
available, with the key portion equal to some language-dependent con-
struct name and its value the name declared for that construct in the
program. This scope entry indicates the scope in which the tag was
found. For example, a tag generated for a C structure member would
have a scope looking like "struct:myStruct".
HOW TO USE WITH VI
Vi will, by default, expect a tag file by the name "tags" in the cur-
rent directory. Once the tag file is built, the following commands
exercise the tag indexing feature:
vi -t tag Start vi and position the cursor at the file and line
where "tag" is defined.
:ta tag Find a tag.
Ctrl-] Find the tag under the cursor.
Ctrl-T Return to previous location before jump to tag (not widely
implemented).
HOW TO USE WITH GNU EMACS
Emacs will, by default, expect a tag file by the name "TAGS" in the
current directory. Once the tag file is built, the following commands
exercise the tag indexing feature:
M-x visit-tags-table <RET> FILE <RET>
Select the tag file, "FILE", to use.
M-. [TAG] <RET>
Find the first definition of TAG. The default tag is the
identifier under the cursor.
M-* Pop back to where you previously invoked "M-.".
C-u M-. Find the next definition for the last tag.
For more commands, see the Tags topic in the Emacs info document.
HOW TO USE WITH NEDIT
NEdit version 5.1 and later can handle the new extended tag file for-
mat (see --format). To make NEdit use the tag file, select "File->Load
Tags File". To jump to the definition for a tag, highlight the word,
the press Ctrl-D. NEdit 5.1 can can read multiple tag files from dif-
ferent directories. Setting the X resource nedit.tagFile to the name
of a tag file instructs NEdit to automatically load that tag file at
startup time.
CAVEATS
Because ctags is neither a preprocessor nor a compiler, use of prepro-
cessor macros can fool ctags into either missing tags or improperly
generating inappropriate tags. Although ctags has been designed to
handle certain common cases, this is the single biggest cause of
reported problems. In particular, the use of preprocessor constructs
which alter the textual syntax of C can fool ctags. You can work
around many such problems by using the -I option.
White space is treated as a separator for file names and options read
from list files, specified using the -L option, and in filter mode
(specified using the --filter option). Therefore, it is not currently
possible to supply file names or other options containing embedded
white space (spaces, etc.) through these options.
Note that when ctags generates uses patterns for locating tags (see
the --excmd option), it is entirely possible that the wrong line may
be found by your editor if there exists another source line which is
identical to the line containing the tag. The following example demon-
strates this condition:
int variable;
/* ... */
void foo(variable)
int variable;
{
/* ... */
}
Depending upon which editor you use and where in the code you happen
to be, it is possible that the search pattern may locate the local
parameter declaration in foo() before it finds the actual global vari-
able definition, since the lines (and therefore their search patterns
are identical). This can be avoided by use of the --excmd=n option.
BUGS
Ctags has more options than ls(1).
When parsing a C++ member function definition (e.g. "className::func-
tion"), ctags cannot determine whether the scope specifier is a class
name or a namespace specifier and always lists it as a class name in
the scope portion of the extension fields. Also, if a C++ function is
defined outside of the class declaration (the usual case), the access
specification (i.e. public, protected, or private) and implementation
information (e.g. virtual, pure virtual) contained in the function
declaration are not known when the tag is generated for the function
definition. It will, however be available for prototypes (e.g
--c++-kinds=+p).
No qualified tags are generated for language objects inherited into a
class.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
CTAGS If this environment variable exists, it will be expected to
contain a set of default options which are read when ctags
starts, after the configuration files listed in FILES, below,
are read, but before any command line options are read.
Options appearing on the command line will override options
specified in this variable. Only options will be read from
this variable. Note that all white space in this variable in
considered a separator, making it impossible to pass an option
parameter containing an embedded space. If this is a problem,
use a configuration file instead.
ETAGS Similar to the CTAGS variable above, this variable, if found,
will be read when etags starts. If this variable is not found,
etags will try to use CTAGS instead.
TMPDIR On Unix-like hosts where mkstemp() is available, the value of
this variable specifies the directory in which to place tempo-
rary files. This can be useful if the size of a temporary file
becomes too large to fit on the partition holding the default
temporary directory defined at compilation time. ctags cre-
ates temporary files only if either (1) an emacs-style tag
file is being generated, (2) the tag file is being sent to
standard output, or (3) the program was compiled to use an
internal sort algorithm to sort the tag files instead of the
the sort utility of the operating system. If the sort utility
of the operating system is being used, it will generally
observe this variable also. Note that if ctags is setuid, the
value of TMPDIR will be ignored.
FILES
/ctags.cnf (on MSDOS, MSWindows only)
/etc/ctags.conf
/usr/local/etc/ctags.conf
$HOME/.ctags ($HOME/ctags.cnf on MSDOS, MSWindows)
.ctags (ctags.cnf on MSDOS, MSWindows)
If any of these configuration files exist, each will be
expected to contain a set of default options which are read in
the order listed when ctags starts, but before the CTAGS envi-
ronment variable is read or any command line options are read.
This makes it possible to set up site-wide, personal or
project-level defaults. It is possible to compile ctags to read
an additional configuration file before any of those shown
above, which will be indicated if the output produced by the
--version option lists the "custom-conf" feature. Options
appearing in the CTAGS environment variable or on the command
line will override options specified in these files. Only
options will be read from these files. Note that the option
files are read in line-oriented mode in which spaces are sig-
nificant (since shell quoting is not possible). Each line of
the file is read as one command line parameter (as if it were
quoted with single quotes). Therefore, use new lines to indi-
cate separate command-line arguments.
tags The default tag file created by ctags.
TAGS The default tag file created by etags.
SEE ALSO
The official Exuberant Ctags web site at:
http://ctags.sourceforge.net
Also ex(1), vi(1), elvis, or, better yet, vim, the official editor of
ctags. For more information on vim, see the VIM Pages web site at:
http://www.vim.org/
AUTHOR
Darren Hiebert <dhiebert@users.sourceforge.net>
http://DarrenHiebert.com/
MOTIVATION
"Think ye at all times of rendering some service to every member of
the human race."
"All effort and exertion put forth by man from the fullness of his
heart is worship, if it is prompted by the highest motives and the
will to do service to humanity."
-- From the Baha’i Writings
CREDITS
This version of ctags was originally derived from and inspired by the
ctags program by Steve Kirkendall <kirkenda@cs.pdx.edu> that comes
with the Elvis vi clone (though virtually none of the original code
remains).
Credit is also due Bram Moolenaar <Bram@vim.org>, the author of vim,
who has devoted so much of his time and energy both to developing the
editor as a service to others, and to helping the orphans of Uganda.
The section entitled "HOW TO USE WITH GNU EMACS" was shamelessly
stolen from the info page for GNU etags.
Darren Hiebert Version 5.5.4 CTAGS(1)
